Citi (Not In Jenna's Set)

If a researcher creates the idea for a project and is not listed in the preferred author order position on resulting publications, is this considered to be research misconduct under federal policy? A. Yes because it involves a form of falsification. B. No; instead it is a type of authorship dispute. C. No; instead it is a type of financial conflict of interest. D. Yes because it involves a form of fabrication.

According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, falsification involves: A. Failing to report a conflict of interest. B. Taking credit for the ideas or statements of others. C. Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data. D. Knowingly reporting unsubstantiated allegations of research misconduct to the federal government.

Which of the following is most likely to be considered plagiarism? A. Adding extra data points without proper justification. B. Using materials from a source without proper citation. C. Tampering with research equipment.Intentionally reporting the results of inaccurate statistical tests. D. Intentionally reporting the results of inaccurate statistical tests.

Which of the following is true regarding the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy? A. The Policy covers conflicts of interest and the misuse of grant funding. B. To have a misconduct finding, the action must have been committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. C. Misconduct must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. D. The standard of innocent until proven guilty does not apply in misconduct cases.

Which of the following most accurately describes data lifecycle management (DLM)? A. It refers to the obligation to uphold data confidentiality imposed by federal law. B. It refers to the tools and processes for handling data during a research study and after it concludes. C. It refers to the obligation to share data imposed by professional journals. D. It refers to the data collection requirements of a particular organization.

Which of the following is represents plagiarism? A. Failing to report all of a study's conditions. B. Selectively presenting data that support the key findings of a paper. C. Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own. D. Listing someone as an author who did not actually contribute to the publication.

Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers? A. Authors are never allowed to publish the same content multiple times. B. Journal editors do not require authors to obtain permission for reusing the same content. C. The research record is not affected by an author who publishes the same work multiple times. D. If the same content is used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities.

Which of the following is true regarding an acknowledgments section? A. Journals typically request that the person who provides financial support for the research be listed as an author instead of being listed in the acknowledgments section. B. The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgments section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship. C. An acknowledgments section is necessary for disclosing if research is supported by federal funds, but the section is not necessary if a corporate sponsor supports research. D. It is the norm that individuals should not be asked whether they want to be listed in the acknowledgments section.

Which of the following is the primary criterion for authorship? A. Having read a draft of the manuscript before it is published. B. Having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work. C. Obtaining financial support for the work. D. Correcting grammatical mistakes in the manuscript.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the review process for grant proposals? A. Funding agencies usually have committees, often with external reviewers, that assess the quality of the proposal. B. Applicants who submit grant proposals are informed in advance as to who will review their proposals. C. Once one federal agency has approved a grant proposal, the other agencies do not need to review it. D. The peer review process is the same across all federal agencies.

The main reason that grant proposal reviewers with a conflict of interest should remove themselves from the review process is because: A. Having a conflict of interest means an individual does not have the relevant expertise to perform the review. B. Having a conflict of interest means an individual does not have the time to perform the review. C. The author of the proposal may learn about the situation. D. Their removal lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process?.

A reviewer's main responsibility is to: A. Avoid criticizing the work of other researchers. B. Contact the authors when the review is completed. C. Behave professionally. D. Be friendly.

Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by: A. Revealing their identity to the authors of the manuscript or grant proposal. B. Seeking the help of others in the research team to perform the review. C. Preserving the confidentiality of the submission. D. Using the information contained in a reviewed manuscript to further their own research.

The two main criteria that the National Science Foundation (NSF) uses to evaluate grant proposals are: A. Quality and quantity. B. Intellectual merit and broader impact. C. Ethical integrity and legal compliance. D. Sustainability and innovation.

Which of the following is most likely to create a poor relationship between a mentor and a trainee? A. The relationship includes clear discussions about each person's expectations. B. A mentor who recruits trainees merely for the mentor's own career advancement. C. The mentor has experience and interest in the trainee's field of study. D. The trainee has an interest in learning more about the mentor's field of study.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the mentoring relationship? A. A mentoring relationship must not turn into a friendship or else it is a failure. B. Graduate students, but not mentors, gain from the mentoring relationship. C. Mentors teach trainees about aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks. D. Mentoring relationships happen naturally and do not require work.

Which of the following most accurately describes a conflict of commitment? A. It occurs when a researcher is not sure whether to renew a contract with an employer. B. It occurs when outside activities interfere with obligations to one's primary employer. C. It occurs when researchers have a financial interest related to their research. D. It occurs when an individual allows personal beliefs to interfere with objectivity.

Which of the following is a key reason why international collaborations can be challenging? A. International collaboration is rare and is on the decline. B. The collaborators may have different disciplinary and cultural backgrounds and practices. C. There are currently no international ethical guidelines for research. D.Federal agencies are not permitted to encourage international collaborations.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the regulations that govern research? A. The research of an international graduate student enrolled at a U.S. university is not governed by U.S. regulations unless the student plans to publish the results. B. International research collaborations involving U.S. funded researchers are not governed by U.S. regulations when the work takes place at a private university. C. U.S. funded research collaborations are often governed by U.S. regulations no matter where the research takes place. D. International research is governed by the United Nations instead of any specific country's regulations.

Which statement best describes the role of an IRB: A. A committee that reviews an institution's conflict of interest policies B. A committee that reviews all types of research C. A committee that reviews all biomedical research D. A committee that reviews different types of human subjects research

Which statement best describes what an IRB is responsible for reviewing? A. Biomedical research B. Any research that receives federal funds C. Psychological research D. Research involving a human subject

Which statement most accurately describes the process leading to the development of the Nuremberg Code: A. It was created to resolve the issue of whether testing the reactions of pilots constitutes human subjects research. B. It was created by the federal government in response to poor research practices in U.S. hospitals. C. It was created in response to complexities emerging from research conducted by pharmaceutical companies. D. It was created in response to the harms caused by Nazi researchers around the time of the Second World War.

The three ethical principles discussed in the Belmont Report are: A. Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice B. Informed Consent, Institutional Assurance, Researcher Responsibility C. Privacy, Confidentiality, Equitable Selection of Subjects D. IRB review, Federal Regulations, Declaration of Helsinki

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates the principle of beneficence? A. Obtaining the subject's consent to participate. B. Providing detailed information about the study. C. Determining whether the benefits of a study outweigh the risks. D. Making sure that the selection of subjects includes people from all segments of the population.

The researcher's failure to protect research subjects from deductive disclosure is the primary ethical violation in which of the following studies? A. Milgram's "Obedience to Authority" study B. "Tastes, Ties, and Time (T3)" study (2006-2009) C. The Tuskegee study D. Zimbardo's "Stanford Prison Experiment"

A researcher wishes to study generational differences in coping mechanisms among adults who experienced abuse as children. Adequate measures will be instituted to obtain informed consent and ensure that there is no breach of confidentiality. The most likely additional risk is that some subjects may: A. Lose their employment. B. Feel that their privacy has been invaded. C. Lose their legal status. D. Experience emotional or psychological distress.

Identify the example of when situation and time are key to assessing risk of harm in a research study: A. Asking women if they have had an abortion B. Research on the prevalence of individuals who have been harassed in different academic disciplines C. A study on the efficacy of a behavioral intervention for smoking cessation involves both adults and teenagers D. A survey about sexually transmitted diseases

If disclosure of a subject's involvement in a specific research study can be potentially harmful to the subject, and the consent form is the only record linking the subject to the research, which of the following would be most helpful: A. Have the subject sign the consent form under an assumed name. B. Obtain a waiver of documentation of informed consent. C. Code the subjects' responses. D. Obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality.

A graduate student wants to examine the effect of print media versus televised media on individuals' position on several social issues. The superintendent of a local work release facility, a family friend, will allow the graduate student access to the prison population to help her quickly accrue subjects. The student's IRB should: A. Approve this project since the risk appears to be no more than minimal. B. Not approve this project because the prisoners are merely a population of convenience for the student. C. Approve this project but submit it for federal review. D. Approve this project because the superintendent is the ultimate authority on what happens in his facility.

A researcher is studying women recently admitted to a state prison. All potential subjects must have children under the age of five. Research subjects will be given a basket of toys to use at their children's first visit that the children can then take home. In assessing this proposal, the IRB needs to determine that the toys are: A. Educational. B. Age appropriate. C. Of high quality. D. Not an excessive incentive.

A researcher wants to contact former prisoners who are now on parole. She wants to study the difficulty of obtaining employment based on whether the subjects had been convicted of felony versus misdemeanor crimes. She needs to: A. Do nothing in regards the Subpart C because the research does not meet the criteria for prison research -- individuals on parole are not considered prisoners. The definition applies to both minors and adults. B. Stop because this type of study is not permitted under federal regulations. C. Have made initial contact with potential subjects while they were in prison. D. Obtain the permission of the Parole Board to ensure that no negative consequences will happen to those who decline to take part, and who return to prison.

Which federal regulation or law governs how researchers can obtain data about subjects' disciplinary status in school from academic records? A. Subpart D of 45 CFR 46. B. The No Child Left Behind Act. C. The Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment. D. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.

Which of the following types of information may schools disclose without consent from the parent or student to a researcher at a local university? A. Citizenship. B. SAT scores. C. Religious affiliation. D. Directory information.

What procedures must be described in an agreement called an "assurance of compliance" with a U.S. federal agency? A. Procedures in place to outline how subjects will be randomized. B. Procedures in place that ensure that subjects will be protected in a manner commensurate with the Common Rule, including review by an independent committee comparable to an IRB. C. Procedures in place to outline how unanticipated problems will be reported to the local IRB. D. Procedures in place to ensure that the research complies with ethical principles (such as, the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki).

A researcher proposes to conduct a study at a foreign site. The research has been determined to be exempt from the federal regulations by institutional policy. According to federal regulations, is review required at the foreign site? A. If a proposed study qualifies for exemption, federal regulations do not require review at the foreign site where it will be conducted. B. If a proposed study qualifies for exemption, federal regulations do not require review at the foreign site where it will be conducted but still require review at the U.S. site by the institution's IRB. C. If a proposed study qualifies for exemption, federal regulations do require review at the foreign site where it will be conducted. D. If a proposed study qualifies for exemption, federal regulations do not require review at the foreign site where it will be conducted, but still require review by the institutional official at the local site.

The age of majority in international research is determined by the A. The research sponsor. B. Legal drinking age where the research will take place. C. Laws, customs, and norms in the area in which the research will be conducted. D. Laws in the state where the researchers' institution resides.

The peer review process can create conflicts of interest because the choice of who reviews a potentially publishable project may show: A. Their connections to the journal may yield some concern B. There may be bias by the peer reviewer as to the area of research C. They are not informed of the area of work D. The project has a limited scope

What is the term for management controls that are built in to a research study (for example, independent data analysis)? A. Inherent controls B. Mandated controls C. Objective controls D. Required controls

An example of an institutional COI is: A. An industry sponsor pays for the construction of a new research laboratory at the organization B. One of the organization's deans is the vice-chair of the organization's IRB C. The organization's president is a member of the board of trustees for a local non-profit organization that does not sponsor research at the organization D. The organization gives scholarships to some post-doctoral researchers

A researcher's membership on an advisory board with an organization sponsoring research can create a COI because: A. The organization can have policies that affect the research B. The members of the advisory board know each other C. It may be difficult for the researcher to appear neutral, as the researcher may have an interest in the research's success D. The research result could be flawed from missing data

The PHS regulations about financial conflict of interests require which party to disclose significant financial conflicts of interest? A. SponsorApplicants submitting marketing applications for drugs, biologics, or devices B. Organization C. Researcher D. IRB E. Member

A researcher conducts a focus group to learn about attitudes towards hygiene and disease prevention. Two weeks after the focus group, the researcher learns one of the subjects had a heart attack at home and was hospitalized, but made a full recovery. Based on HHS regulations, should the researcher report this event to the IRB? A. No, this does not need to be reported because it is unrelated to participation in the study. B. No, this does not need to be reported because two weeks have passed. C. No, this does not need to be reported because the subject had the heart attack when they were home, not at the focus group. D. No, this does not need to be reported because the subject recovered.

According to the authors, there are four common abuses that historically are described as giving rise to vulnerability. Which response below contains the correct four? A. Prejudice, physical control, manipulation, and coercion B. Physical control, coercion, undue influence, and neglect C. Coercion, undue influence, neglect, and disrespect D. Physical control, coercion, undue influence, and manipulation

Which is true of inducements in research? A. Offering $10 for an hour long research study constitutes undue inducement. B. Inducements, like coercion, are always inappropriate, as they violate the ethical principle of respect for persons. C. Inducements constitute an "undue influence" if they alter a potential subject's decision-making processes, such that they do not appropriately weigh the risk-benefit relationship of the research. D. Like coercion, undue inducement is easy for IRBs to determine.

When an IRB is reviewing a research study and they are considering if a potential subject population is vulnerable, they should consider: A. Are the research procedures greater than minimal risk of harm? B. Has the researcher completed required training? C. Are there adequate resources to conduct the study? D. Is there a power differential between researchers and subjects?

Which of the following is true regarding the U.S. Public Health Service and its approach to the disclosure of significant financial interests? A. Any income from a mutual fund must be disclosed. B. Any equity interest in a non-publicly traded company must be disclosed. C. Any equity interest contained in a retirement account must be disclosed. D. Any equity interest owned by the investigator's cousins must be disclosed.