Elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the Internet
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Elastic
answer
? Automatically adjusts for unpredictable demand ? Limits financial risks
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Pooled
answer
? Same physical hardware
? Economies of scale
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The Mainframe Era (1960s-1980s)
answer
- Large-scale high-speed centralized computers.
- Thin clients, no Internet, and no Cloud.
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The Client-Server Era (1990s-2000s)
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- Allowed clients (users) to send requests across the Internet to servers.
- Internet, but no modern cloud computing yet.
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The Cloud Computing Era (2008-Current)
answer
- Applications, data, and processing power can be used remotely.
- Accessed with a variety of devices including PCs, thin clients, mobile devices, and IoT devices.
Small capital requirements
Speedy development
Superior scalability to growing or fluctuating demand
Known cost structure
Possibly best-of-breed security/disaster preparedness
No obsolescence
Industry-wide economies of scale, hence cheaper
Focus on core business, not infrastructure
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In House (Positive)
answer
Control of data location
In-depth visibility of security and disaster preparedness
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Cloud (Negative)
answer
Dependency on vendor
Loss of control over data location
Little visibility into true security and disaster preparedness capabilities
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In House (Negative)
answer
Significant capital required
Significant development effort
Difficult (impossible?) to accommodate fluctuating demand
Ongoing support costs
Staff and train personnel
Increased management requirements
Annual maintenance costs
Cost uncertainties
Obsolescence
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Economies of Scale
answer
- Average cost decreases as size of operation increases.
- Major cloud vendors operate enormous data centers (Web farms).
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SaaS
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Employees and Customers
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PaaS
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Application developers and Application testers
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IaaS
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Network architects and Systems administrators
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SaaS Example
answer
Salesforce.com iCloud
Office 365
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PaaS Example
answer
Google App Engine Microsoft Azure
AWS Elastic Beanstalk
- Stores user data in many different geographical locations and makes data available on demand.
- Specialized type of PaaS, but usually considered in its own category.
- Minimizes latency.
- Used to store and deliver content seldom changed.
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CDN Benefits
answer
- Decreased, even guaranteed, load time
- Reduced load on origin server
- Increased reliability
- Protection from DOC attacks
- Reducted delivery costs for mobile users
- Pay as you go
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Personal area network (PAN)
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Devices connected around a single person
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Local area network (LAN)
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Computers connected at a single physical site
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Wide area network (WAN)
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Computers connected between two or more separated sites
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The Internet and internets
answer
Networks of networks
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K(ilo)
answer
1,000
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M(ega)
answer
1,000,000
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G(Ina)
answer
1,000,000,000
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Communication speeds expressed in
answer
bits
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Memory sizes expressed in
answer
Bytes
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IEEE 802.3
answer
? Wired LAN
? 10/100/1000 Mbps
? Ethernet
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IEEE 802.11
answer
-Wireless LAN
- 802.11ac
-Speeds up to 1.3 Gbps
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Bluetooth
answer
-Transmits data short
distances.
-Connect computer, keyboard, mouse, printer, smartphones, smartwatches, automobiles, sports equipment, clothing.
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ISP Functions
answer
1. Provide legitimate Internet address.
2. Provide gateway to Internet.
3. Pay access fees and other charges to telecoms.
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WAN wireless average performance
answer
1 Mbps, with peaks of up to 3.0 Mbps.
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Typical wireless LAN
answer
50 Mbps
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IPv4
answer
- E.g. 137.190.8.10
- Dotted decimal notation
- Only about 4 billion addresses (not enough)
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IPv6
answer
- E.g. 0:0:0:0:0:ffff:89be:80a
- Hexadecimal notation
- 340 undecillion addresses
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Domain name
answer
? Unique name affiliated with a public IP address.
? Dynamic affiliation of domain names with IP addresses.
? Multiple domain names for same IP address.
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URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
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Internet address protocol, such as http:// or ftp://
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Public IP addresses
answer
? Identifies a unique device on Internet.
? Assigned by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers).
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Private IP addresses
answer
? Identifies a device on a private network, usually a
LAN.
? Assignment LAN controlled.
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Public IP addresses conserved (Benefits)
answer
One public IP address per LAN.
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Using private IP addresses (Benefits)
answer
- Eliminates registering public IP address with ICANN-approved agencies.
- Protects against direct attack.
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Net Neutrality Principles
answer
- All data treated equally.
- Carriers should not be allowed to: ? Decide which sites load quickly
? Decide which apps are allowed on a network ? Decide which content is acceptable
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WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
answer
Standard for describing services, inputs, outputs, other data supported by a Web service. Documents coded machine readable and used by developer tools for creating programs to access the service.
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SOAP
(no longer an acronym)
answer
Protocol for requesting Web services and for sending responses to Web service requests.
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XML
(eXtensible Markup Language)
answer
Used for transmitting documents. Contains metadata to validate format and completeness of a document, includes considerable overhead.
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JSON
(JavaScript Object Notation)
answer
Markup language used for transmitting documents. Contains little metadata. Preferred for transmitting volumes of data between servers and browsers. While notation in format of JavaScript objects, JSON documents can be processed by any language.
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Machine learning
answer
The ability of computers to learn dynamically rather than being explicitly coded.
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Quantum Learning
answer
- Based on the iterative generation of models.
- Adapts models and interprets them differently over
time.
- Allows the computer to identify patterns and other insights independently.
- Quantum computing could advance machine learning due to increased processing power.
question
Which of the following is an example of SaaS?
a. iCloud
b. Microsoft Windows Azure
c. Oracle On Demand
d. Amazon S3
answer
A
question
Which of the following is an example of IaaS?
a. Apple iCloud
b. Microsoft Azure
c. Office 365
d. Amazon S3
answer
D
question
Which of the following is defined as the elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the internet?
a. Broadband
b. Wiki
c. The cloud
d. Bluetooth
answer
C
question
Cloud resources are _________ because many different organizations use the same physical hardware.
a. elastic
b. pooled
c. programmatic
d. portable
answer
B
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The organization responsible for assigning public IP addresses is called _________.
a. CERN
b. IEEE
c. ICANN
d. ISO
answer
C
question
__________ is wireless protocol designed for transmitting data over short distances, replacing cables.
a. IPv6
b. PaaS
c. Bluetooth
d. IPv4
answer
C
question
A ________ is a set of rules that programs on two communicating devices follow.
a. codec
b. cloud
c. packet
d. protocol
answer
D
question
Which of the following statements is true about IEEE 802.3?
a. It is the protocol for wireless LAN connections.
b. It is the protocol for bluetooth.
c. It is the protocol for wired LAN connections
d. It is the universal standard protocol for all WAN connections
answer
C
question
Which of the following is the most common format for IP addresses?
a. IPv4
b. TCP
c. IPv6
d. http
answer
A
question
The term _________ means that the computing resources leased can be increased or decreased dynamically in a short span of time and that organizations pay for just the resources that they use.
a. portable
b. pooled
c. programmatic
d. elastic
answer
D
question
Which of the following protocols guarantees secure data transmission?
a. http
b. ftp
c. https
d. smtp
answer
C
question
The ________ protocol standard is also known as ethernet.
a. bluetooth
b. IEEE 802.11
c. IEEE 802.3
d. DSL
answer
C
question
Which of the following features distinguishes a LAN from a WAN?
a. A LAN connects computers in a single location
b. A WAN has a limit on the number of users
c. a WAN has low bandwidth
d. a LAN has stringent hardware requirements
answer
A
question
Which of the following is an example of PaaS?
a. Apple iCloud
b. Amazon S3
c. Oracle On Demand
d. Office 365
answer
C
question
Amazon S3 is an example of ________.
a. cdn
b. PaaS
c. IaaS
d. VPN
answer
C
question
Which of the following characteristics is a disadvantage of in-house hosting?
a. dependency on vendor
b. loss of control over data
c. cost uncertainties
d. lack of visibility into security details
answer
C
question
Which of the following TCP/IP application-layer protocols is used to move files over the Internet and maintain web sites?
a. ftp
b. smtp
c. https
d. http
answer
A
question
A _________ detects the speed that a given device can handle and communicates with it at that speed.
a. codec
b. modem
c. switch
d. port
answer
C
question
Which of the following characteristics is a disadvantage of cloud-based hosting?
a. it involves high dependency on vendor
b. it involves sufficient requirement of capital
c. it involves high annual maintenance costs
d. it involves high ongoing support costs
answer
A
question
The _________ tier of the three tier architecture consists of computers, phones, and other mobile devices that have browsers that request and process web pages.
a. user
b. server
c. database
d. data link
answer
A
question
In cloud computing, resources are said to be "pooled" because organizations _________.
a. use the public internet to create the appearance of a private connection
b. use open source standards that enable users to modify a program's source code
c. offer their services to each other free of charge, in a give and take arrangement
d. share the same physical hardware through virtualization
answer
D
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of in-house hosting?
a. in-depth visibility of disaster preparedness
b. small capital requirements
c. industry-wide economies of scale
d. known cost structure
answer
A
question
The connection between a VPN client and a VPN server is called a ____________.
a. data highway
b. hyperlink
c. tunnel
d. access point
answer
C
question
Which of the following TCP/IP application-layer protocols is used for small transmissions?
a. ftp
b. https
c. smtp
d. IP
answer
A
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