Select the correct statement about phylogenetic trees.
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Phylogenetic trees may expand quickly to maximum width and then narrow over time.
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Which of these are homologous structures?
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Ivy leaf and pine needle
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This phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing sequences for a homologous gene involved in development. Select the correct statement.
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The nucleotide sequence of this gene in a mouse is more similar to the sequence in a chicken, and both are less similar to the nucleotide sequence of this gene in a frog.
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Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of related groups of organisms. Organisms are grouped into taxa based on homologous characteristics, shared traits that result from common ancestry. Which statement is true?
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The term "monophyletic" refers to a taxon that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
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Which of the following taxonomic categories contains all the others listed here?
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class
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Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________.
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evolved from the same ancestor
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Systematists have used a wide variety of traits to reconstruct the phylogenies of particular groups of organisms. Which one of the following traits produces good estimates of phylogeny?
Fossil evidence indicates that some dinosaurs had feathers. If birds are indeed descended from dinosaurs, feathers are what kind of character?
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shared ancestral character
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Molecular clocks are based on the idea that __________.
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on average, neutral mutations arise at a constant rate
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Which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on Earth and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult?
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horizontal gene transfer
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What process actually increases the number of genes in an organism's genome?
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gene duplication
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Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.
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Bacteria and Archaea
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In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.
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Monera
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A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
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Eukarya ... Animalia
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A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
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Eukarya ... Plantae
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In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?
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Protista
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In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?
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They are sedentary.
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There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
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one
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Which observation suggests that eukaryotes may share a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than with archaea?
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Many genes that affect metabolism in yeast are more similar to bacterial than archaeal genes.
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This tree was constructed by comparing sequences of homologs of a gene that plays a role in development; Drosophila was used as an outgroup. The branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change in each lineage; varying branch lengths indicate that the gene has evolved at different rates in different lineages.
In which vertebrate lineage has the studied gene evolved most rapidly?
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Zebrafish
Of the five vertebrate lineages shown, the zebrafish branch is the longest.
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Phylogeny
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The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species
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Taxonomy
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The science of how organisms are named
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Binomial
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The two-part format of the scientific name
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Specific Epithet
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Second part of the binomial
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Hierarchal Classification
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Taxon (pl. Taxa)
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The named taxonomic unit at any level
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Phylogenetic Tree
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The evolutionary history of a group of organisms that are represented in a branching diagram
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Branch Points
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Representing the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor
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Sister Taxa
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Groups of organisms that share an immediate ancestor
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Rooted
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A branch point within the tree represents the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree
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Basal Taxon
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Refers to the lineage that diverges early in the history of a group and lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the group
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Homologies
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Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
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Analogy
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Constructing a phylogeny that is due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry
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Homplasties
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Analogous structures that arose independently
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Convergent Evolution
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When similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
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Cladistics
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Common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms
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Clades
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Groups that include an ancestral species and all of its descendants
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Monophyletic group
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Consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants (Clade)
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Paraphyletic group
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Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
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Polyphyletic group
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Includes taxa from different ancestors
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Shared Ancestral Character
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A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
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Shared Derived Character
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An evolutionary novelty unique to a clade
*mammals having hair
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Outgroup
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Species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage before the lineage includes the species we are studying (ingroup)
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Principle of Maximum Parsimony
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We should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts
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Molecular Clock
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An approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observations that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rate.
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