Which of these groups of particles has the greatest mass?
answer
Four individual protons
question
Which of these layers of the Sun is coolest?
answer
Photosphere
question
Scientists estimate the central temperature of the sun using?
answer
Mathematical models of the sun
question
Why do sunspots appear darker than their surroundings?
answer
They are cooler than their surroundings.
question
At the center of the Sun, fusion converts hydrogen into?
answer
Helium, energy and neutrinos.
question
Solar energy leaves the core of the Sun in the form of what?
answer
Photons
question
How does the number of neutrinos passing through your body at night compare with the number passing through your body during the day?
answer
About the same
question
What is the most common kind of element in the solar wind?
answer
Hydrogen
question
Which of these things poses the greatest hazard to communication satellites?
answer
Protons from the Sun
question
If the star Alpha Centauri were moved to a distance 10 times farther than it is now, its parallax angle would?
answer
Get smaller
question
What do we need to measure in order to determine a star's luminosity?
answer
Apparent Brightness and Distance
question
What two pieces of information would you need in order to measure the masses of stars in an eclipsing binary system?
answer
The time between eclipses and the average distance between the stars
question
Which of these stars has the coolest surface temperature?
answer
A K star
question
Which of these stars is the most massive?
answer
A main-sequence A star
question
Which of these stars has the longest lifetime?
answer
A main-sequence M star
question
Which of these stars has the largest radius?
answer
A supergiant M star
question
Which of these stars has the greatest surface temperature?
answer
A 30 M sun main-sequence star
question
Which of these star clusters is youngest?
answer
A cluster whose brightest main-sequence stars are white
question
Which of these star clusters is oldest?
answer
a cluster whose brightest main-sequence stars are yellow
question
Which of these stars does not have fusion occurring in its core?
answer
Red giant
question
What would you be most likely to find if you returned to the solar system in 10 billion years?
answer
A white dwarf
question
Which of these stars has the shortest life expectancy?
answer
A 1M_sun star in a close binary with a 2M_sun star
question
What happens to the core of a high-mass star after it runs out of hydrogen?
answer
It shrinks and heats up
question
Which of these elements had to be made in a supernova explosion?
answer
Uranium
question
Which of these objects has the smaller radius?
answer
the 1.2 Msun White Dwarf.
question
Which of these objects had the largest radius?
answer
a 1.2Msun white dwarf
question
How would a flashing red light appear as it fell into a black hole?
answer
It flashes would shift to the infrared part of the spectrum (END MC)
question
What is the sun composed of?
answer
Mostly hydrogen and helium with a bit of metals
question
How do we find the distance from the earth to the sun and the size of the sun?
answer
- Find distance from Earth to Venus
- Using Kepler's Laws find distance from Earth to Sun
- SIZE OF SUN - Use distance and solve geometrically
question
What causes the sun to shine? (Theories + Reality)
answer
- Theories - Lump of Coal - Rejected because sun is much older
- Proton-Proton Chain
-Protons inside core of Sun collide into each other, forming helium nucleus and generating a tremendous amount of energy -- Nuclear fusion
question
What is the proton-proton chain?
answer
- Chain of fusion reactions in which four protons combine to form a nucleus of helium
- Most important energy-producing nuclear process taking place inside low mass stars like sun
question
What are fusion reactions?
answer
Fusion releases energy. Energy released related to e=mc2
question
What is E=MC^2
answer
E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum
question
Coulombs law?
answer
- F= (Kq1q2) / (r^2)
- Force between two charges
- Like charges repel, unlike charges attract
question
What is solar granulation and what causes it?
answer
- Describes sun's photosphere's molted appearances
- Granules on the photosphere caused by convection currents of plasma within the Sun's convection zone
question
How does energy get from the core to the Earth?
answer
- Photons are constantly intercepted, absorbed and re-emmitted, takes tens of thousands of years to get to sun's surface
- Once emitted into space, 8 mins to earth
question
What is a sun spot?
answer
- Magnetic field lines break through the surface of the sun
- Less bright because they are cooler; magnetic fields prevent hot plasma from entering them
question
What is the relation between magnetic field lines and sun spots?
answer
Magnetic field lines get tangled up and break through, forming sun spots
question
What is the sun spot cycle and how does the sun change with the cycle?
answer
- 11 year period between solar maximums
- Sunspots form at mid-latitudes at beginning of cycle, near equator at middle of cycle, and at mid-latitudes again as next cycle approaches
- At each solar maximum, sun's magnetic field starts to flip
- Sun more active at peak
question
What is differential rotation? How related to sun spot cycle?
answer
- Differential Rotation - Fluids, gases, etc rotate at different rates
- Magnetic fields get tangled, leading to sun spots
question
What are prominences and coronal mass ejections?
answer
- Prominences - Material following magnetic field lines
- Coronal mass ejections - When prominences break apart, ejections release matter and radiation into space
question
How does sun spot cycle affect us on the earth?
answer
- At peak, Sun is more active (more prominences and coronal mass ejections)
question
What are auroras?
answer
- Material from solar winds
- Solar winds interact with earth's magnetic field
- Natural light display caused by collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in atmosphere
question
What is the inverse square law for light?
answer
- I -> Io / r^2
- Intensity of light proportional to inverse square of distance
question
What is magnetic scale and how does it function?
answer
- Lower the magnitude, brighter the star
- Every difference of 5 is a factor of 50
- IE difference of 10 is 100 x 100 = 10,000
question
What is the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude?
answer
- Apparent magnitude - Star's brightness as it appears from earth
- Larger apparent magnitude means dimmer apprent brightness
- Absolute magnitude - Apparent brightness of a star if viewed from a 32.616 light-years away
- Way of describing stellar luminosity
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