AP Human Geography- Industry & Economy

15 January 2023
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4 Asian Tigers
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High-tech industrialized developed countries of Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea along and Hong Kong.
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agglomeration
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Grouping together of many firms of the same industry in a single area for the sharing of infrastructure and labor resources.
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Basic industries
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Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement. Example: Agriculture, ranching, fishing, forestry, mining, and petroleum. Application: Very few basic industries, but all essential to our economy.
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break-of-bulk point
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A point at which a product is transferred from one shipping method to another. Ex: An airport could be a break-of-bulk point between air and land transportation.
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complementary advantage
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When two regions specifically satisfy each other's needs through exchange of raw materials and or finished goods.
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consumption pattern
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The repetition of - using up - of a resource
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cumulative causation
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The principle that multiple changes are set in motion by a single event. The effects might be positive, as in the case of a new business - generating more jobs, more investment opportunities for the community. The effects might be negative, if a business closed, thereby creating the reverse effects of the opening of a new business. The chain reaction is said to be created by the multiplier effect.
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deglomeration
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Industries leave the crowded urban areas of the eastern US megalopolis and move to other locations.
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distance decay / friction of distance
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The interaction between two locales declines as the amount of space between them increases. People are unwilling to use the resources of -Traveling cost, time, fuel and money - which increase the further you have to travel.
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downward transition
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places that are losing jobs and not attracting industry.
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durable goods
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consumer products that do not need to be purchased frequently because they are made to last for a long time (usually lasting for three years or more). Automobiles, jewelry, appliances, furniture, etc.
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expendable income
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money that you have left to spend after you have paid your taxes
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fair trade
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a movement whose goal is to help producers in developing countries to get a decent price for their products, so as to reduce poverty, provide for the ethical treatment of workers and farmers, and promote environmentally friendly products.
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fixed costs
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expenses that do not change as a function of the activity of a business (rent)
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footloose industries
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An industry that is not tied to any particular location or country, and can relocate across national borders in response to changing economic conditions. Many manufacturing industries seem to have this characteristic.
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Fordism
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the system of mass production (assembly-line work) that was pioneered in the early 20th century.
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Non-Fordism
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The group that criticizes mass production, assembly-line, work environments.
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Neo-Fordism
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an approach to work organization that is essentially mass production, but has been adapted to incorporate a greater degree of flexibility.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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Is a controlling ownership in a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country.
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forms of transportation
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a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to perform transport.
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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the total market value of all goods and services produced in a country for a given time period.
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globalization
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the process in which people, ideas and goods spread throughout the world, spurring more interaction and integration between the world's cultures, governments and economies.
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hinterlands of ports
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A German word meaning "the land behind" (a city, a port, or similar). The term's use in English was first documented by geographer George Chisholm in his Handbook of Commercial Geography (1888).
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industrial core
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national or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated
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industrialization
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process of development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass production.
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intermodal containers
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a system of ship-freight transport using a large metal box, made of weathering steel.
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international trade
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The movement of goods or services between countries; each country has different resources, so they specialize in what they can produce in a cost-effective way, then trade with other countries.
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Less Developed Country (LDC)
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a country that is in a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.
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More Developed Country (MDC)
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a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
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New industrial country (NIC).
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a country that has 'recently' established an industrialized economy based on manufacturing and global trade and is moving forward along the continuum of development
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maquiladoras
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Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.
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microloans
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The practice of loaning people in poverty small amounts of money, in order for the destitute people to start their own small business and earn a living.
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multiplier effect
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An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. For example, if a corporation builds a factory, it will employ workers and their suppliers, as well as those who work in the factory. Indirectly, the new factory will stimulate employment in the factory's vicinity.
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new international division of labor
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transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
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non-basic industries
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Industries that produce goods or services that are consumed locally.
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non-durable goods
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The goods that are expected to be consumed or used in three years or less. Ex. Food, toothpaste, socks, paper plates, light bulbs
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Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
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a citizen-based association that operates independently, usually to deliver resources or serve some social or political purpose.
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outsourcing
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turning over production in part or in total, to another business outside of the country.
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resource crisis
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A problem, in which needed supplies, are not available to the consumers that need them.
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resource frontier
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This is areas that provides the majority of the supplies for the industrial core (the last section of the core-periphery model). It is where natural resources are located.
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right-to-work
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A US State, that has passed a law preventing a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.
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Rust Belt (US)
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The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity, eventually the Industries moved on - which left old machinery to tarnish in the moist northern climate.
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scarcity
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the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage.
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site
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an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed.
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situation
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Definition: The location of a place based upon its relation to other places. Examples: San Francisco's situation is as a port of entry on the Pacific coast, adjacent to California's productive agricultural lands.
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Sweatshops
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a factory, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.
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Sunbelt (US)
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the region in the United States that stretches across the southwestern US from Florida to California. The Sunbelt typically includes the states of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California.
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Supply chain
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a series of links connecting Product from supplier to customer.
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Commodity chain
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A series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution
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technology transfer process
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the process of moving equipment from the places of origination to wider distribution of people and places.
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Terminal costs
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The costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points
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time-space compression
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the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same
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topocide
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The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed
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trade blocs
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An agreement between states, regions, or countries, to reduce barriers to import/export between the participating regions.
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trade imbalance
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When the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports, this results in a negative number (a deficit).
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tragedy of the commons
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a problem that occurs when individuals exploit a shared resource to the extent that demand overwhelms supply and the resource becomes unavailable to some or all.
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transnational corporations
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Is a company that operates in at least 2 countries. The HQ is located in the country that the corporation was founded and the manufacturing plant located in LDCs where labour is cheap and readily available.
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upward transition
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a region that is economically growing and is on it's way to becoming a core region.
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variable costs
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costs that differ depending on a company's production volume; they rise as production increases and fall as production decreases.
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cottage industry
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An industry that is often based out of a single home, and they may have only one or two employees.
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service industry
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An industry made up of companies that primarily earn revenue through providing intangible products and services. Examples include retail, transport, distribution, food services, etc.. Also called tertiary sector of industry.
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commercial industry
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An Industry that is usually factory-based and employ many workers. The purpose this industry is widespread production: to sell as many products as possible to consumers. To do so, they typically use new and more cost-effective technologies.
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extractive industry
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An Industry that involves the removal of raw materials from the earth to be used by consumers.
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labor-intensive industry
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An Industry that involves the production of goods and services and that requires 'hard work and capital' in varying amounts, depending on the product .
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textile industry
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An Industry that involves the makers and sellers of clothing and fabric.
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Capitalism
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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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Free Enterprise
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type of economy where products, prices, and services are determined by the market, not the government.
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Market
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refers to the group of consumers or organizations that is interested in the product,
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Socialism
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a social system or theory in which the government owns and controls the means of production (as factories) and distribution of goods.
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Mixed
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An economy that combines elements of capitalism and socialism, mixing some individual ownership and regulation.