Standard microbiological practices include all of the following EXCEPT
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work space should be disinfected only when contaminating spills occur.
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Recommended guidelines for laboratory microbiological precautions should reflect the laboratory's ________ _________.
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biosafety level
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Which of the following is not a guideline on selection, collection, and handling of clinical specimens?
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A small quantity of specimen should be obtained.
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Which of the following tests can be used to distinguish Escherichia from Enterobacter?
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IMVIC
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The clinical microbiology laboratory can provide preliminary identification of microorganisms based on
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A. microscopic examination of specimens. B. growth or biochemical characteristics. C. immunologic techniques that detect microbial antigens. D. All of the choices are correct.
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Which of the following can be examined with an ordinary bright-field microscope?
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A. Wet mounts
B. Heat-fixed specimens
C. Chemical-fixed specimens
D. All of the choices are correct.
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Ten percent Calcofluor White stain is often used in wet mounts of _________.
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molds
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In the clinical laboratory, which of the following is (are) used as a rapid method of identification?
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A. Manual biochemical kit systems
B. Mechanized/automated systems
C. Immunologic systems
D. All of the choices are correct.
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An example of miniaturized commercial rapid bacterial identification system based on biochemical analysis is the
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API 20E system
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Which of the following media will permit the growth of one group of bacteria while inhibiting the growth of some other groups?
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Selective
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The most common method used by clinical microbiology labs for identifying bacteria are _________.
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biochemical
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Which of the following is not used to culture viruses?
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Growth on artificial media
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Which of the following is useful in the identification of bacteria? .
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A. Source of the culture specimen
B. Growth patterns on selective and differential media
C. Hemolytic, metabolic, and fermentative properties
D. All of the choices are correct
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Which of the following is routinely used to detect spirochetes in skin lesions in early syphilis?
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Dark-field microscopy
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Which of the following is/are used to detect chlamydiae in tissues and cell scrapings?
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A. PCR methods B. Microscopy of Giemsa stained samples
C. Immunofluorescence
D. All of the choices are correct.
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Fungal infections are often diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of specimens.
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true
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The major focus of the clinical microbiologist is to rapidly isolate and identify microorganisms from clinical specimens.
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true
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The purpose of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to maintain cultures of microorganisms.
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false
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. A clinical specimen represents a portion or quantity of human material for testing, examination, or study in order to determine the presence or absence of specific microorganisms.
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true
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DNA probe technology identifies microorganisms by probing their genetic composition.
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true
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Restriction endonucleases are a class of enzymes produced by bacteria.
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true
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The principle of plasmid fingerprinting is that microbial isolates of the same strain contain the same plasmids.
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true
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Determining the susceptibility of a microorganism to specific chemotherapeutic agents is an important service performed in the clinical microbiology laboratory
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true
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The Gram stain is used for bacteria that have cell walls while the acid-fast stain is used primarily for wall-less bacteria.
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false
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The use of rRNA gene sequences to identify bacterial strains is referred to as ___________.
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ribotyping
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Indirect immunofluorescence involves fixing the specimen onto a slide, adding fluorochrome-labeled antibodies and then incubating before examining on the microscope.
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FALSE
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Identification and characterization of ova, trophozoites, and cysts of parasites is typically accomplished by direct microscopic evaluation of the clinical specimen
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TRUE
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PCR is considered more flexible and easier to modify than antibody-based identification technologies.
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false
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The immunologic technique involving the transfer of proteins separated by electrophoresis to nitrocellulose sheets is _________
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immunoblotting
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Which of the following uses red blood cells?
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Hemagglutination inhibition
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Which of the following tests is an agglutination test for the bacterium causing typhoid fever?
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Widal test
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The indirect immunosorbent assay detects antibodies rather than antigens.
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true
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An elevated IgM titer typically indicates an active infection while an elevated IgG titer does not distinguish between active and past infections.
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true
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Detection of single or multiple microorganisms based on their cytometric parameters is known as _________.
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flow cytometry
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The immunological reaction that occurs when there is an optimal ratio of antigen and antibody, producing a lattice at the zone of equivalence is known _________.
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immunoprecipitation
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________ can also be used to differentiate strains of microorganisms that differ in the antigenic composition of a structure or product.
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serotyping
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A colorless substrate acted on by the enzyme portion of the ligand to produce a colored product is known as a/an _________.
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chromagen
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Of the scientific disciplines listed, which is the least directly relevant to the study of clinical microbiology?
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ecology
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clinical microbiologists diagnose some diseases by detecting and measuring the specific host response to the infection. What subdiscipline encompasses these methods?
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Immunology
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All of the following methods are employed to identify pathogens in clinical specimens EXCEPT
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there are no exceptions here. All of these methods are used to identify pathogens.
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A test which uses specific monoclonal antibodies to detect the presence of a pathogen (such as an indirect ELISA) is classified as a molecular genomic technique.
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false
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Which of the following factors are considered during the risk assessment process for creating a safe microbiology laboratory?
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__X__ Experience of the individuals working in the lab __X__ Infectious agent risk groups __X__ Types of procedures to be performed with the infectious agents _____ Cost of personal protective equipment
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Which infectious agent risk group would Mycobacterium tuberculosis be placed in?
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Risk group 3
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recommendations regarding hand-washing, handling of pipettes and sharps, prohibition of personal activities such as eating, applying makeup and handing contact lenses, directions regarding decontamination of work surfaces, cultures, and other potentially infectious material are all included in a set of guidelines known as ___________ ______________ __________________.
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standard microbiological practices or Alternate: standard microbiology practices
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What biosafety level is required when working with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes?
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2
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All of the following would be appropriate for handling routine patient specimens (urines, sputums, wound swabs) for microscopy and culture EXCEPT
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full-body positive pressure suit with air supply.
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You are developing an ELISA test to detect cysts of a parasitic protozoan in stool specimens. Select the following items that would be part of this test.
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__X__ Enzyme-labeled antibody against the parasite _____ Enzyme-labeled rabbit anti-human-IgG antibody __X__ Microtiter plate containing wells coated with antibody against the parasite __X__ Chromogenic enzyme substrate __X__ Patient specimens
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Patients are instructed to collect sputum specimens in such a way as to minimize contamination with normal microbiota from the mouth. A sputum specimen has arrived in the clinical laboratory and a Gram-stained smear of the specimen reveals a mixture of Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative cocci, and Gram-positive bacilli as well as numerous squamous epithelial cells. This result indicates
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a poor quality specimen of primarily saliva and oropharyngeal microbiota.
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A growth medium used for the recovery of fungal isolates from patient specimens contains antibiotics to prevent the overgrowth of bacteria and cycloheximide to prevent the growth of saprophytic fungi. This medium would be categorized as _________
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selective
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A patient specimen was Gram-stained upon arrival in the clinical laboratory and revealed both Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli. The specimen was cultured on sheep blood agar and chocolate agar, and after incubation, the culture grew only the Gram-negative bacilli. Which of the following is/are a likely explanation(s) for the failure of the Gram-positive cocci to grow?
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A. The Gram-negative bacilli may have grown very quickly and overgrew the slower growing Gram-positive cocci. B. The media used may not support the growth of the Gram-positive cocci. C. The growth temperature may have enabled the growth of the Gram-negative bacilli but not the growth of the Gram-positive cocci. D. The Gram-positive cocci may be an obligate anaerobe and was unable to grow in an ambient air incubator. E. All of the choices are possible explanations.
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What is the first piece of information that is used in the identification of an unknown bacterial isolate?
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The Gram stain morphology
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An ELISA test to detect antibodies to the Rubella virus would include/use all of the following EXCEPT
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There are no exceptions here. Each of these items would be used.
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