The income households actually receive before they pay personal income taxes is:
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personal income
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Suppose social security contributions rise by $1 billion while social security benefits also rise by $1 billion. Further, personal income taxes fall by $500 million. As a result,
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disposable income should increase while personal income and national income are unchanged.
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An increase in corporate income taxes would reduce
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personal income.
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An increase in social security benefits will make
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personal income larger.
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GDP
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Disposable Personal Income + Personal income Tax & nontax payments + Corporate taxes, social security contributions + indirect business taxes + depreciation - (gov and businesses transfer payments)
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National income is income earned by all U.S. factors of production.
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True
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Personal income is the income received by households after personal income taxes are paid.
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False- Personal income is the income received by the factors of production prior to the payment of personal income taxes.
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Disposable personal income refers to the income used by households for all purchases of nondurable goods during a year.
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False- Disposable personal income is personal income after personal income taxes have been paid.
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To go from personal income to disposable personal income, personal income taxes must be subtracted.
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True
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To obtain [blank] we subtract indirect business taxes and transfers from net domestic product and add other business income adjustments and net U.S. income earned abroad.
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national income
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To obtain [blank] we must add government transfer payments, such as Social Security benefits and food stamps. We must subtract income earned but not received by factor owners, such as corporate retained earnings, Social Security contributions, and corporate income taxes.
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personal income
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To obtain disposable personal income, we subtract all personal [blank] from personal income. Disposable personal income is income that individuals actually have for consumption or saving.
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income taxes
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
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The total market value of all final goods and services produced during a year by factors of production located within nation's borders.
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Distinguishing Between Nominal GDP and Real GDP
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Nominal GDP is the value of newly produced output during the current year measured at current market prices. Real GDP adjusts the value of current output into constant dollars by correcting for changes in the overall level of prices from year to year. Real GDP is calculated by designating a particular year as the base year and then using the prices of goods and services in the base year to calculate the value of goods and services in all other years.
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Real GDP
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sum of all price base year x quantity of other years
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Price index
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Nominal GDP/ Real GDP x (100)
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What is the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP?
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Nominal GDP is measured in current market prices while real GDP corrects for changes in the overall level of prices from year to year.
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Real GDP is computed by adjusting nominal GDP for
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changes in the price level.
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If real GDP increases in any year, we know that
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the output of goods and services produced this year has increased.
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If nominal GDP increases, it is possible that
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any of the above might have happened.
-output has increased.
-prices has increased
-both has increased
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When comparing per capita GDP across countries, GDP should be adjusted for
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purchasing power parity.
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Per capita real GDP equals
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real GDP/population.
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The country with the highest per capita GDP based on purchasing power parity (U.S. dollars) is
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the United States.
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The problem with using foreign exchange rates to convert one country's GDP into dollars is that
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not all goods and services are sold on world markets.
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The adjustment in exchange rate conversions that takes into account differences in the true cost of living across countries is called
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purchasing power parity.
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When GDP is corrected to reflect constant dollars, this price-corrected GDP is called
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real GDP
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The difference between real GDP and nominal GDP for the same year reflects the amount of inflation that occurred during that year.
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True
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Per capita real GDP measures the amount of real GDP
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per person
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The adjustment in exchange rate conversions that takes into account differences in the true cost of living across countries is known as purchasing power parity.
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True
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To correct nominal GDP for price changes, we first select a base year for our price index and assign it the number
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100
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We can divide the [blank] into real GDP to obtain per capita real GDP.
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population
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Statisticians often calculate relative GDP by adding up each country's GDP in its local currency and dividing by the dollar
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exchange rate
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Because not all goods and services are bought and sold in the world market, however, we must correct exchange rate conversions of other countries' GDP figures to take into account differences in the true [blank] across countries.
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cost of living
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The flow of gross domestic product during a given interval must always be equivalent to the flow of gross domestic income within that same period because
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Both (a) and (b) are correct.
- profit is defined as what is left over from total business receipts after all other costslong dash—wages, rents, interestlong dash—have been paid.
- spending by one group is income to another.
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According to the circular flow of income and output, which of the following is not true?
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Goods, services and money all flow in one direction since money pays for the goods and services.
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Total income can be viewed as the sum of
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All of the above.
-payments to factor services such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial activity.
-the dollar value of output produced since total income and total production are equal.
-wages, rents, interest, and profits
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Total income equals the dollar value of total output becauseTru
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spending by one group represents income to the other group.
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In the circular flow of income
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households demand goods and services that are supplied by firms, while supplying resources that are demanded by firms.
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For a business, profit is a cost of production.
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True
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Total income is the annual cost of producing the entire output of final goods and services.
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True
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In product markets,
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consumer goods and services flow to households and money flows to businesses.
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The dollar value of total output is always equal to total income.
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True
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In the circular flow model of income and output, households sell [blank] services to businesses that pay for those services. The receipt of payments is total
[blank]. Businesses sell goods and services to households that pay for them.
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factor/income
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The dollar value of total output is equal to the total monetary value of all [blank] goods and services produced.
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final
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The dollar value of final output must always equal total income. The variable that adjusts to make this so is known as
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profit
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A woman who makes a living charging for investment advice on her Internet Web site marries one of her clients, to whom she now provides advice at no charge. As a result of this, GDP
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decreases
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A tennis player wins two top professional tournaments as an unpaid amateur, meaning the tournament sponsor does not have to pay out his share of prize money. As a result of this, GDP
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remained unchanged
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A company that had been selling used firearms illegally finally gets around to obtaining an operating license and performing background checks as specified by law prior to each gun sale. As a result of this, GDP
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remained unchanged
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Which of the following statements is not true about the use of GDP as a measure of national welfare?
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GDP is a useful measure of national welfare since it excludes nonmarket transactions.
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Gross Domestic Product
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All of the above
-only includes "final" goods and services to avoid double counting.
-does not include transfer payments or financial transactions.
-does not include the transfer of second-hand goods.
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Gross domestic product is defined as
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the dollar value of all final goods, but not services, produced in an economy over the past 100 years.
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GDP counts intermediate goods because to not do so would result in GDP being undervalued.
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False
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All of the following transactions are excluded from the measure of GDP except
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paying your dentist to have your teeth cleaned.
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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GDP excludes nonmarket production and is not a measure of a nation's overall welfare.
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To avoid double counting, we look only at final goods and services produced or, equivalently, at
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value added
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In measuring GDP, we must [blank] purely financial transactions, such as the buying and selling of securities; (2) government transfer payments and private transfer payments; and (3) the transfer of secondhand goods.
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exclude
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Many other transactions are excluded from measured
[blank] among them household services rendered by homemakers, underground economy transactions, and illegal economic activities, even though many of these result in the production of final goods and services.
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GDP
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GDP is a useful measure for tracking changes in the
[blank] of overall economic activity over time, but it is not a measure of the well-being of a nation's residents because it fails to account for nonmarket transactions, the amount and quality of leisure time, environmental or safety issues, labor market discrimination, and other factors that influence general welfare.
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market value
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8.3 GDP=
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consumption + investments + government spending + (exports - imports)
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8.3 NDP=
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GDP - depreciation
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8.3 NI=
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NDP - indirect business taxes
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8.3 GDI=
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rent + wages + profit + interest + depreciation +indirect business taxes
-same as GDP
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8.3 GPDI=
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GDP - consumption - gov. spending - exports + imports
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8.3 Personal income=
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GDI + Gov. Transfer Payment - (depreciation + indirect business taxes + corporate taxes + social security)
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8.3 Personal disposable Income=
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Personal income - personal income taxes
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The expenditure approach to tabulating GDP
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adds up the total amount spent on newly produced domestic goods and services during the year.
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The largest component of GDP by far is
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personal consumption expenditures.
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If a household purchases a new car and a new refrigerator, this would be classified as spending on
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consumer durables.
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he biggest component of GDP using the expenditure approach is ____________ and the biggest component of GDP using the income approach is _____________.
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consumer expenditures; wages
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To derive GDP using the expenditure approach, which of the following components are added togehter?
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consumption expenditures, gross private domestic investment, government expenditures, and net exports
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Which of the following equations is correct?
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-GDP minus− depreciation = NDP
-NDP = C + I + G + X minus− depreciation
-GDP = C + netI + G + X + depreciation
All of the above equations are correct
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Gross domestic income (GDI) is identical to gross domestic product (GDP).
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True
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Which of the following equations is used to calculate gross domestic income (GDI)?
The _________ approach to measuring GDP requires that we add up consumption expenditures, gross private investment, government purchases, and net exports. Consumption expenditures include consumer ________, consumer _________, and __________.
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expenditure/durables/nondurables/services
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To derive GDP using the income approach, we add up all factor payments, including _______,_______, _______, and ________.
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wages/profit/interest/rent
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To get an accurate measure of GDP using the income approach, we must also add ___________ and _______ to those total factor payments.
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indirect business taxes/depreciation
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