Chapter 12

1. The aggregate demand curve: A) is upsloping because a higher price level is necessary to make production profitable as production costs rise. B) is downsloping because production costs decline as real output increases. C) shows the amount of expenditures required to induce the production of each possible level of real output. D) shows the amount of real output that will be purchased at each possible price level.

2. The aggregate demand curve is: A) vertical if full employment exists. B) horizontal when there is considerable unemployment in the economy. C) downsloping because of the interest-rate, real-balances, and foreign purchases effects. D) downsloping because production costs decrease as real output rises.

3. The interest-rate effect suggests that: A) a decrease in the supply of money will increase interest rates and reduce interest-sensitive consumption and investment spending. B) an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, reduce interest rates, and decrease consumption and investment spending. C) an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, increase interest rates, and decrease consumption and investment spending. D) an increase in the price level will decrease the demand for money, reduce interest rates, and increase consumption and investment spending.

The real-balances effect indicates that: A) an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, increase interest rates, and reduce consumption and investment spending. B) a lower price level will decrease the real value of many financial assets and therefore reduce spending. C) a higher price level will increase the real value of many financial assets and therefore increase spending. D) a higher price level will decrease the real value of many financial assets and therefore reduce spending.

The interest-rate and real-balances effects are important because they help explain: A) rightward and leftward shifts of the aggregate demand curve. B) why fiscal policy cannot be used effectively to curb inflation. C) the shape of the aggregate demand curve. D) the shape of the aggregate supply curve.

The foreign purchases effect suggests that an increase in the U.S. price level relative to other countries will: A) increase the amount of U.S. real output purchased. B) increase U.S. imports and decrease U.S. exports. C) increase both U.S. imports and U.S. exports. D) decrease both U.S. imports and U.S. exports.

The foreign purchases effect suggests that a decrease in the U.S. price level relative to other countries will: A) shift the aggregate demand curve leftward. B) shift the aggregate supply curve leftward. C) decrease U.S. exports and increase U.S. imports. D) increase U.S. exports and decrease U.S. imports

The foreign purchases effect: A) shifts the aggregate demand curve rightward. B) shifts the aggregate demand curve leftward. C) shifts the aggregate supply curve rightward. D) moves the economy along a fixed aggregate demand curve.

. If the price level increases in the United States relative to foreign countries, then American consumers will purchase more foreign goods and fewer U.S. goods. This statement describes: A) the output effect. C) the real-balances effect. B) the foreign purchases effect. D) the shift-of-spending effect

The real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects all help explain: A) why the aggregate demand curve is downsloping. B) why the aggregate supply curve is upsloping. C) shifts in the aggregate demand curve. D) shifts in the aggregate supply curve.

Which of the following explains why the aggregate demand schedule is downward sloping: A) the real-balances effect C) the foreign purchases effect B) the interest-rate effect D) all of the above

Which of the following is incorrect? A) As the U.S. price level rises, U.S. goods become relatively more expensive so that U.S. exports fall and U.S. imports rise. B) As the price level falls, the demand for money declines, the interest rate declines, and interest-rate sensitive spending increases. C) When the price level increases, real balances increase, businesses and households find themselves wealthier and therefore increase their spending. D) Given aggregate demand, an increase in aggregate supply increases real output and, assuming downward flexible prices, reduces the price level.

The factors that affect the amounts that consumers, businesses, government, and foreigners wish to purchase at each price level are the: A) real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects. B) determinants of aggregate supply. C) determinants of aggregate demand. D) sole determinants of the equilibrium price level and the equilibrium real output

The determinants of aggregate demand: A) explain why the aggregate demand curve is downsloping. B) explain shifts in the aggregate demand curve. C) demonstrate why real output and the price level are inversely related. D) include input prices and resource productivity.

Other things equal, if the national incomes of the major trading partners of the United States were to rise, the U.S.: A) aggregate demand curve would shift to the right. B) aggregate supply curve would shift to the left. C) aggregate supply curve would shift to the right. D) aggregate demand curve would shift to the left.

Which one of the following would not shift the aggregate demand curve? A) a change in the price level B) depreciation of the international value of the dollar C) a decline in the interest rate at each possible price level D) an increase in personal income tax rates

Other things equal, a decrease in the real interest rate will: A) expand investment and shift the AD curve to the left. B) expand investment and shift the AD curve to the right. C) reduce investment and shift the AD curve to the left. D) reduce investment and shift the AD curve to the right.

A decline in investment will shift the AD curve to the: A) left by a multiple of the change in investment. B) left by the same amount as the change in investment. C) right by the same amount as the change in investment. D) right by a multiple of the change in investment.

An increase in net exports will shift the AD curve to the: A) left by a multiple of the change in investment. B) left by the same amount as the change in investment. C) right by the same amount as the change in investment. D) right by a multiple of the change in investment.

If investment increases by $10 billion and the economy's MPC is .8, the aggregate demand curve will shift: A) leftward by $40 billion at each price level. C) rightward by $50 billion at each price level. B) rightward by $10 billion at each price level. D) leftward by $20 billion at each price level.

If investment decreases by $20 billion and the economy's MPC is .5, the aggregate demand curve will shift: A) leftward by $40 billion at each price level. C) rightward by $40 billion at each price level. B) rightward by $20 billion at each price level. D) leftward by $20 billion at each price level.

An economy's aggregate demand curve shifts leftward or rightward by more than changes in initial spending because of the: A) net export effect. B) wealth effect. C) real-balances effect. D) multiplier effect.

The economy's long-run aggregate supply curve: A) slopes upward and to the right. C) is horizontal. B) is vertical. D) slopes downward and to the right.

The economy's long-run AS curve assumes that wages and other resource prices: A) eventually rise and fall to match upward or downward changes in the price level. B) are flexible upward but inflexible downward. C) rise and fall more rapidly than the price level. D) are relatively inflexible both upward and downward.

In the above diagram, the economy's long-run aggregate supply curve is shown by line: A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4.

In the above diagram, the economy's relevant aggregate demand and long-run aggregate supply curves are lines: A) 4 and 2. B) 4 and 1. C) 2 and 4. D) 2 and 3.

In the above diagram, the economy's short-run AS curve is line ___ and its long-run AS curve is line ___. A) 1; 3. B) 2; 4. C) 3; 4. D) 2; 1.

The aggregate supply curve: A) is explained by the interest rate, real-balances, and foreign purchases effects. B) gets steeper as the economy moves from the top of the curve to the bottom of the curve. C) shows the various amounts of real output that businesses will produce at each price level. D) is downsloping because real purchasing power increases as the price level falls.

The graphical relationship between the price level and the amount of real GDP that businesses will offer for sale is known as the: A) aggregate demand curve. C) investment demand curve. B) investment supply curve. D) aggregate supply curve.

The aggregate supply curve (short-run): A) slopes downward and to the right. C) slopes upward and to the right. B) graphs as a vertical line. D) graphs as a horizontal line.

The aggregate supply curve (short-run): A) graphs as a horizontal line. B) is steeper above the full-employment output than below it. C) slopes downward and to the right. D) presumes that changes in wages and other resource prices match changes in the price level.

The aggregate supply curve (short-run) slopes upward and to the right because: A) changes in wages and other resource prices completely offset changes in the price level. B) the price level is flexible upward but inflexible downward. C) supply creates its own demand. D) wages and other resource prices adjust only slowly to changes in the price level.

The aggregate supply curve (short-run) is upsloping because: A) wages and other resource prices match changes in the price level. B) the price level is flexible upward but inflexible downward. C) per-unit production costs rise as the economy moves toward and beyond its full-employment real output. D) wages and other resource prices are flexible upward but inflexible downward.

In the above diagram, a shift from AS1 to AS3 might be caused by a(n): A) increase in productivity. C) decrease in the prices of domestic resources. B) increase in the prices of imported resources. D) decrease in business taxes.

In the above diagram, a shift from AS1 to AS2 might be caused by a(n): A) increase in market power of resource sellers. C) decrease in the prices of domestic resources. B) increase in the prices of imported resources. D) increase in business taxes.

In the above diagram, a shift from AS3 to AS2 might be caused by an increase in: A) business taxes and government regulation. C) the prices of domestic resources. B) the prices of imported resources. D) productivity.

In the above diagram, a shift from AS2 to AS3 might be caused by a(n): A) decrease in interest rates. B) increase in business taxes and costly government regulation. C) decrease in the prices of domestic resources. D) decrease in the price level.

In the above diagram, the most favorable shift of the aggregate supply curve for the economy would be from: A) AS1 to AS2 B) AS1 to AS3 C) AS2 to AS3 D) AS3 to AS2 .

In the above diagram, a substantial appreciation of the U.S. dollar with no immediate change in the U.S. price level would result in a: A) movement upward along an existing aggregate supply curve such as AS1 B) movement downward along an existing aggregate supply curve such as AS1 C) rightward shift of the aggregate supply curve, such as from AS1 to AS2 D) leftward shift of the aggregate supply curve, such as from AS1 to AS3 .

Other things equal, an improvement in productivity will: A) shift the aggregate demand curve to the left. C) shift the aggregate supply curve to the right. B) shift the aggregate supply curve to the left. D) increase the price level.

A rightward shift in the aggregate supply curve is best explained by an increase in: A) business taxes. B) productivity. C) nominal wages. D) the price of imported resources.

Refer to the above information. The level of productivity is: A) 20. B) 10. C) 5. D) 2.

The per unit cost of production in the economy described above is: A) $.50. B) $1. C) $2. D) $5.

Refer to the above information. All else being equal, if the price of each input increased from $4 to $6, productivity would: A) fall from 2 to 3. B) fall from .50 to .33. C) rise from 1 to 2. D) remain unchanged.

Refer to the above information. Given an increase in input price from $4 to $6, we would expect the aggregate: A) supply curve to shift to the left. C) demand curve to shift to the left. B) supply curve to shift to the right. D) demand curve to shift to the right

Other things equal, if the U.S. dollar were to depreciate, the: A) aggregate demand curve would remain fixed in place. B) aggregate supply curve would shift to the left. C) aggregate supply curve would shift to the right. D) aggregate demand curve would shift to the left.

Which one of the following would increase per unit production cost and therefore shift the aggregate supply curve to the left? A) a reduction in business taxes B) production bottlenecks occurring when producers near full plant capacity C) an increase in the price of imported resources D) deregulation of industry

Shifts in the aggregate supply curve are caused by changes in: A) consumption spending. B) the quantity of real output demanded. C) the quantity of real output supplied. D) one or more of the determinants of aggregate supply.

Refer to the above information. The per unit cost of production in this economy is: A) $.05. B) $.10. C) $.50. D) $1.00.

Refer to the above information. If the per unit price of raw materials rises from $4 to $8 and all else remains constant, the per unit cost of production will rise by about: A) 100 percent. B) 50 percent. C) 40 percent. D) 30 percent

Refer to the above information. As a result of the change indicated in the previous question, the aggregate: A) supply curve would shift to the left. C) demand curve would shift to the left. B) supply curve would shift to the right. D) demand curve would shift to the right.

The determinants of aggregate supply: A) are consumption, investment, government, and net export spending. B) explain why real domestic output and the price level are directly related. C) explain the three distinct ranges of the aggregate supply curve. D) include resource prices and resource productivity.

Which of the following would not shift the aggregate supply curve? A) an increase in labor productivity C) a decline in business taxes B) a decline in the price of imported oil D) an increase in the price level

Productivity measures: A) real output per unit of input. B) per unit production costs. C) the changes in real wealth caused by price level changes. D) the amount of capital goods used per worker.

Per unit production cost is: A) real output divided by inputs. C) units of output divided by total input cost. B) total input cost divided by units of output. D) a determinant of aggregate demand.

Suppose that nominal wages fall and productivity rises in a particular economy. Other things equal, the aggregate: A) demand curve will shift leftward. C) supply curve will shift leftward. B) supply curve will shift rightward. D) expenditures curve will shift downward.

Monopoly or market power is the ability of a firm to: A) shift its demand curve to the right. C) set its price. B) shift its demand curve to the left. D) achieve economies of scale.

Other things equal, appreciation of the dollar: A) increases aggregate demand in the United States and may increase aggregate supply by reducing the prices of imported resources. B) increases aggregate demand in the United States and may decrease aggregate supply by reducing the prices of imported resources. C) decreases aggregate demand in the United States and may increase aggregate supply by reducing the prices of imported resources. D) decreases aggregate demand in the United States and may reduce aggregate supply by increasing the prices of imported resources.

Other things equal, a reduction in personal and business taxes can be expected to: A) increase aggregate demand and decrease aggregate supply. B) increase both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. C) decrease both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. D) decrease aggregate demand and increase aggregate supply.

Other things equal, an improvement in productivity will: A) increase the equilibrium price level. C) shift the aggregate supply curve to the right. B) shift the aggregate supply curve to the left. D) shift the aggregate demand curve to the left.

The level of productivity in the above economy is: A) 2. B) .5. C) 4. D) 200.

If the price of each input is $5, the per unit cost of production in the above economy is: A) $5. B) $2.75. C) $2.50. D) $.40.

Suppose that the price of each input increased from $5 to $8. The per unit cost of production in the above economy would: A) rise by $1.50 and the aggregate supply curve would shift to the right. B) rise by 60 percent and the aggregate supply curve would shift to the left. C) rise by 60 percent and the aggregate demand curve would shift to the left. D) fall by $1.50 and the aggregate demand curve would shift to the right.

The equilibrium price level and level of real output occur where: A) real output is at its highest possible level. B) export equal imports. C) the price level is at its lowest level. D) the aggregate demand and supply curves intersect.

Refer to the above data. The equilibrium price level will be: A) 150. B) 200. C) 250. D) 300.

Refer to the above data. If the price level is 150 and producers supply $300 of real output: A) a shortage of real output of $200 will occur. B) a shortage of real output of $100 will occur. C) a surplus of real output of $300 will occur. D) neither a shortage nor a surplus of real output will occur.

Refer to the above data. If the amount of real output demanded at each price level falls by $200, the equilibrium price level and equilibrium level of real domestic output will fall to: A) 250 and $200, respectively. C) 150 and $300, respectively. B) 200 and $300, respectively. D) 150 adn $200, respectively.

Refer to the above data. The change in aggregate demand indicated in the previous question might have been caused by: A) an increase in net exports. C) an increase in consumer wealth. B) a worsening of business expectations. D) a decrease in the personal income tax.

Graphically, demand-pull inflation is shown as a: A) rightward shift of the AD curve along an upsloping AS curve. B) leftward shift of the AS curve along a downsloping AD curve. C) leftward shift of AS curve along an upsloping AD curve. D) rightward shift of the AD curve along a downsloping AS curve.

Graphically, cost-push inflation is shown as a: A) leftward shift of the AD curve. C) leftward shift of AS curve. B) rightward shift of the AS curve. D) rightward shift of the AD curve.

Graphically, the full-employment, low-inflation, rapid-growth economy of the last half of the 1990s is depicted by a: A) rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve along a fixed aggregate supply curve. B) rightward shift of the aggregate supply curve along a fixed aggregate demand curve. C) rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve and a rightward shift of the aggregate supply curve. D) leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve and a leftward shift of the aggregate supply curve.

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. A recession is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only. D) panels (A) and (B).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Cost-push inflation is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (B) and (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Growth, full-employment and price stability is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (B) and (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, an increase in investment spending is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (B) and (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in productivity is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (B) and (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in net exports caused by a change in incomes abroad is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (B) and (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in net exports caused by the foreign purchases effect of a price-level increase is depicted by the: A) shift of the AD curve in panel (A). C) shift of the AS curve in panel (B). B) move from point a to point b in panel (B). D) move from point a to point c in panel (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in investment spending caused by the interest-rate effect of a price-level increase is depicted by the: A) shift of the AD curve in panel (A). C) move from point a to point b in panel (B). B) shift of the AS curve in panel (B). D) move from point a to point c in panel (C).

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decrease in resource prices is depicted by: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (B) and (C)

Refer to the above diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, inflation is absent in: A) panel (A) only. B) panel (B) only. C) panel (C) only D) panels (A) and (C).

If aggregate demand decreases, and as a result, real output and employment decline but the price level remains unchanged, we can assume that: A) the money supply has declined. B) the price level is inflexible downward and a recession has occurred. C) cost-push inflation has occurred. D) productivity has declined.

A rightward shift of the AD curve in the very steep upper part of the upsloping AS curve will: A) increase real output by more than the price level. B) increase the price level by more than real output. C) reduce real output by more than the price level. D) reduce the price level by more than real output.

A rightward shift of the AD curve in the very flat part of the upsloping AS curve will: A) increase real output by more than the price level. B) increase the price level by more than real output. C) reduce real output by more than the price level. D) reduce the price level by more than real output.

Given a fixed upsloping AS curve, a rightward shift of the AD curve will: A) cause cost push inflation. C) increase the price level but not real output. B) increase real output but not the price level. D) increase both the price level and real output.

A decrease in aggregate demand will cause a greater decline in real output the: A) less flexible is the economy's price level. B) more flexible is the economy's price level. C) steeper is the economy's AS curve. D) larger is the economy's marginal propensity to save.

In the above figure AD1 and AS1 represent the original aggregate supply and demand curves and AD2 and AS2 show the new aggregate demand and supply curves. The change in aggregate supply from AS1 to AS2 could be caused by: A) a reduction in the price level. B) the increased availability of entrepreneurial talent. C) an increase in business taxes. D) the real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects.

In the above figure AD1 and AS1 represent the original aggregate supply and demand curves and AD2 and AS2 show the new aggregate demand and supply curves. The changes in aggregate demand and supply in the above diagram produce: A) a higher price level. B) an expansion of real output and a stable price level. C) an expansion of real output and a higher price level. D) a decline in real output and a stable price level.

Refer to the above diagram. If the initial aggregate demand and supply curves are AD0 and AS0, the equilibrium price level and level of real domestic output will be: A) F and C, respectively. C) F and A, respectively. B) G and B, respectively. D) E and B, respectively.

Refer to the above diagram. If the aggregate supply curve shifted from AS0 to AS1, we could say that: A) aggregate supply has increased, equilibrium output has decreased, and the price level has increased. B) aggregate supply has decreased, equilibrium output has decreased, and the price level has increased. C) an increase in the amount of output supplied has occurred. D) aggregate supply has increased and the price level has risen to G.

Refer to the above diagram. If aggregate supply is AS1 and aggregate demand is AD0, then: A) at any price level above G a shortage of real output would occur. B) F represents a price level that would result in a surplus of real output of AC. C) a surplus of real output of GH would occur. D) F represents a price level that would result in a shortage of real output of AC.

Refer to the above diagram. A shift of the aggregate demand curve from AD1 to AD0 might be caused by a(n): A) decrease in aggregate supply. C) increase in investment spending. B) decrease in the amount of output supplied. D) decrease in net export spending.

Refer to the above diagram. Other things equal, a shift of the aggregate supply curve from AS0 to AS1 might be caused by a(n): A) increase in government regulation. C) increase in productivity. B) increase in aggregate demand. D) decline in nominal wages.

If aggregate demand increases and aggregate supply decreases, the price level: A) will decrease, but real output may either increase or decrease. B) will increase, but real output may either increase or decrease. C) and real output will both increase. D) and real output will both decrease.

If the dollar price of foreign currencies falls (that is, the dollar appreciates), we would expect: A) aggregate demand to decrease and aggregate supply to increase. B) both aggregate demand and aggregate supply to decrease. C) both aggregate demand and aggregate supply to increase. D) aggregate demand to increase and aggregate supply to decrease.

We would expect a decline in personal and corporate income taxes to: A) shift the aggregate demand curve rightward. C) decrease real output. B) decrease consumption and investment spending. D) shift the aggregate supply curve leftward.

An increase in input productivity will: A) shift the aggregate supply curve leftward. B) reduce the equilibrium price level, assuming downward flexible prices. C) reduce the equilibrium real output. D) reduce aggregate demand.

If personal taxes were decreased and resource productivity increased simultaneously, the equilibrium: A) output would rise. C) price level would necessarily fall. B) output would fall. D) price level would necessarily rise.

If the current price level was such that the aggregate quantity demanded exceeded the aggregate quantity supplied, we would expect: A) inflation to occur. C) the aggregate demand curve to shift leftward. B) the aggregate demand curve to shift rightward. D) the aggregate supply curve to shift leftward.

In which of the following sets of circumstances can we confidently expect inflation? A) aggregate supply and aggregate demand both increase B) aggregate supply and aggregate demand both decrease C) aggregate supply decreases and aggregate demand increases D) aggregate supply increases and aggregate demand decreases

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of an increase in resource productivity? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of a decrease in the availability of key natural resources? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of an increase in foreign spending on U.S. products? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of an increase in consumer spending? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays an improvement in expected rates of return on investment? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of declines in the incomes of U.S. trading partners? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of declines in the prices of imported resources? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of a substantial reduction in government spending? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Which of the above diagrams best portrays the effects of a dramatic increase in energy prices? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Refer to the above table. Which of the following schedules constitutes aggregate demand in this country? (a) (b) (c) (d) P GDP P GDP P GDP P GDP 128 $19 128 $23 128 $20 128 $34 125 25 125 27 125 22 125 37 122 31 122 31 122 24 122 40 119 37 119 35 119 26 119 43 116 43 116 39 116 28 116 46

Refer to the above table. The interest-rate effect of changes in the price level is shown by columns: A) (1) and (4) of the table. C) (1) and (3) of the table. B) (5) and (6) of the table. D) (2) and (4) of the table.

Refer to the above table. The real-balances effect of changes in the price level is: A) shown by columns (1) and (2) of the table. C) shown by columns (1) and (4) of the table. B) shown by columns (1) and (5) of the table. D) not shown by the data in the table.

Refer to the above table. If equilibrium real GDP is $31 billion, the equilibrium price level will be: A) 128. B) 125. C) 122. D) 119. E) 116.

Refer to the above table. If the amounts of GDP supplied at the price levels shown (in descending order) are $45, $43, $40, $37, and $31, the equilibrium level of real GDP will be: A) $37 billion. B) $35 billion. C) $26 billion. D) $43 billion.

Refer to the above table. If the amounts of GDP supplied at the price levels shown (in descending order) are $27, $25, $22, $18, and $13, the equilibrium price level will be: A) 128. B) 125. C) 122. D) 119.

Refer to the above table. If this nation's equilibrium price level is 125, its net exports will be: A) minus $4 billion. B) minus $2 billion. C) zero. D) $2 billion.

Refer to the above table. If the equilibrium level of real GDP is $43 billion, its level of consumption will be: A) $20 billion. B) $22 billion. C) $24 billion. D) $26 billion.

Refer to the above table. A decline in the international value of the dollar would: A) increase the values in columns (5) and (6) and reduce aggregate demand. B) decrease the values in columns (5) and (6) and increase aggregate demand. C) decrease the values in column (5), increase the values in column (6), and reduce aggregate demand. D) increase the values in column (5), decrease the values in column (6), and increase aggregate demand.

Refer to the above table. A decrease in the interest rate would: A) increase the values in column (3) and increase aggregate demand. B) decrease the values in column (3) and increase aggregate demand. C) increase the values in column (2) and decrease aggregate demand. D) decrease the values in column (2) and decrease aggregate demand.

Refer to the above diagram. If equilibrium real output is Q2, then: A) aggregate demand is AD1 C) producers will supply output level Q1 B) the equilibrium price level is P1 D) the equilibrium price level is P2 .

Refer to the above diagram. If the equilibrium price level is P1, then: A) aggregate demand is AD2 C) the equilibrium output level is Q2 B) the equilibrium output level is Q3 D) producers will supply output level Q1 .

Refer to the above diagram. At the equilibrium price and quantity: A) aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply. B) the amount of real output demanded and supplied are equal. C) aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. D) aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demand.

Refer to the above diagram. Which of the following would shift the aggregate demand curve from AD2 to AD1? A) a decline in personal income tax rates B) an increase in the international value of the dollar C) an increase in government spending D) an upward revision of expected rates of return on investment projects

Refer to the above diagram. Suppose that aggregate demand increased from AD1 to AD2. For the price level to stay constant: A) the aggregate supply curve would have to shift rightward. B) the aggregate supply curve would have to shift leftward. C) real domestic output would have to remain constant. D) the aggregate supply curve would have to be vertical.

The size of the multiplier associated with an initial increase in spending will be: A) the same whether or not inflation occurs. C) zero if any increase in the price level occurs. B) diminished if inflation occurs. D) enhanced if inflation occurs.

Which of the following is a true statement? A) firms and resource suppliers generally find it easier to reduce prices than to raise them. B) as the price level increases, interest rates will rise and therefore consumption and investment spending will also rise. C) an initial increase in aggregate demand may cause a further increase in aggregate demand because higher prices mean higher incomes. D) a decline in aggregate demand will primarily affect real output and employment if prices are inflexible

Prices and wages tend to be: A) flexible both upward and downward. C) flexible downward, but inflexible upward. B) inflexible both upward and downward. D) flexible upward, but inflexible downward.

Efficiency wages are: A) above-market-wages that bring forth so much added work effort that per-unit production costs are lower than at market wages. B) wage payments necessary to compensate workers for unpleasant or risky work conditions. C) usually less than market wages. D) relevant to macro economics because they explain rightward shifts in aggregate demand.

When aggregate demand declines, wage rates may be inflexible downward, at least for a time, because of: A) the foreign purchases effect. B) inflexible product prices. C) wage contracts. D) the wealth effect.

When aggregate demand declines, many firms may reduce employment rather than wages because wage reductions may: A) reduce per unit production costs. B) reduce worker morale and work effort, and thus lower productivity. C) increase the firms' cost of raising financial capital. D) reduce the demands for their products

When aggregate demand declines, some firms may reduce employment rather than wages because wage reductions may: A) not be possible due to the minimum wage law. C) reduce the demands for their products. B) increase the cost of raising money capital. D) may set off a price war.

When aggregate demand declines, the price level may remain constant, at lease for a time, because: A) firms individually fear that their price cut may set off a price war. B) menu costs rise. C) price cuts tend to increase efficiency wages. D) product markets are highly competitive.

Menu costs: A) increase during recession. B) decrease during recession. C) are the costs to firms of changing prices and communicating them to customers. D) are sunk costs and therefore should be disregarded.

The fear of unwanted price wars may explain why many firms are reluctant to: A) reduce wages when a decline in aggregate demand occurs. B) reduce prices when a decline in aggregate demand occurs. C) expand production capacity when an increase in aggregate demand occurs. D) provide wage increases when labor productivity rises.

(Consider This) The idea that the price level readily moves upward but not downward is called the: A) elevator effect. B) escalator effect. C) ratchet effect. D) stair-step effect.

(Consider This) The ratchet effect is the tendency of: A) the price level to increase but not to decrease. B) nominal GDP to increase more rapidly than real GDP. C) real interest rates to fall more rapidly than nominal interest rates. D) consumption to rise year after year regardless of what happens to disposable income

(Last Word) In recent years: A) unemployment rates in Europe have been higher than in the United States. B) the natural rate of unemployment in Europe has fallen sharply. C) Europe has had strong aggregate demand and low unemployment rates. D) European nations have greatly reduced their unemployment rates by reducing minimum wages, welfare benefits, and government restrictions against firing workers.

(Last Word) It is unclear whether: A) high European rates of inflation reflect demand-pull or cost-push forces. B) high European rates of poverty can be reduced by by higher transfer payments. C) high European unemployment rates have resulted from high natural rates of unemployment or insufficient aggregate demand. D) European trade deficits stimulate or retard the European economies.

The interest-rate effect is one of the determinants of aggregate demand.

Other things equal, an increase in productivity will shift the aggregate supply curve rightward.

An increase in wealth from a substantial increase in stock prices will move the economy along a fixed aggregate demand curve.

In order to study the macroeconomy we must combine the prices and quantities generated in single-product markets into broad aggregates.

An increase in imports (independently of a change in the U.S. price level) will increase both U.S. aggregate supply and U.S. aggregate demand.

An increase in business excise taxes will shift the aggregate supply curve leftward.

A decrease in per unit production costs will shift the aggregate supply curve leftward.

Unemployment and inflation can coexist.

The shape of the aggregate supply curve is determined by what happens to aggregate demand as real output expands.

The real-balances effect indicates that inflation makes the public feel wealthier and they therefore spend more out of their current incomes.

In locating a particular aggregate demand curve it is assumed that the money supply is fixed.

The aggregate supply curve (short-run) becomes steeper as the economy moves rightward and upward along it.

Cost-push inflation is depicted as a rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve along an upsloping aggregate supply curve.

A negative GDP gap can be caused by either a decrease in aggregate demand or a decrease in aggregate supply.

The equilibrium price level and equilibrium level of real GDP occur at the intersection of the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve.

The greater the upward slope of the AS curve, the larger is the realized multiplier effect of a change in investment spending.

The price level in the United States is more flexible downward than upward.

The aggregate expenditures model and the aggregate demand curve can be reconciled because, other things equal, in the aggregate expenditures model: A) changes in the price level have no effect on the equilibrium level of GDP. B) an increase in the price level increases the real value of wealth. C) the level of aggregate expenditures and therefore the level of real GDP vary inversely with the price level. D) the level of aggregate expenditures and therefore the level of real GDP vary directly with the price level.

In deriving the aggregate demand curve from the aggregate expenditures model we note that: A) the real-balances effect is irrelevant to both models. B) a change in the price level will have no impact on the aggregate expenditures schedule. C) an increase (decrease) in the price levels shifts the aggregate expenditures schedule upward (downward). D) an increase (decrease) in the price level shifts the aggregate expenditures schedule downward (upward).

An increase in aggregate expenditures resulting from a decrease in the price level is equivalent to a: A) rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve. B) leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve. C) movement downward along a fixed aggregate demand curve. D) decrease in aggregate supply.

Refer to the above diagrams. A decline in aggregate expenditures from AE2 to AE1 resulting from the real balances, interest rate effect, and foreign purchases effects would be depicted as: A) a movement from A to C along aggregate demand curve AD1. B) a movement from C to A along aggregate demand curve AD1. C) a shift of aggregate demand from AD1 to AD2. D) a shift of aggregate demand from AD2 to AD1

Refer to the above diagrams. Assuming a constant price level, an increase in aggregate expenditures from AE1 to AE2 would: A) move the economy from A to C along AD1 C) increase aggregate demand from AD1 to AD2 B) move the economy from C to A along AD1 D) decrease aggregate demand from AD2 to AD1 .

An increase in net exports will shift the: A) aggregate expenditures curve upward and the aggregate demand curve rightward. B) aggregate expenditures curve upward and the aggregate demand curve leftward. C) aggregate expenditures curve downward and the aggregate demand curve rightward. D) aggregate expenditures curve downward and the aggregate demand curve leftward.

An increase in investment spending caused by higher expected rates of return will: A) shift the aggregate supply curve to the left. B) move the economy up along an existing aggregate demand curve. C) shift the aggregate expenditures curve downward and the aggregate demand curve to the left. D) shift the aggregate expenditures curve upward and the aggregate demand curve to the right.

An increase in aggregate expenditures resulting from some factor other than a change in the price level is equivalent to: A) a rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve in the AD-AS model. B) a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve in the AD-AS model. C) a movement downward along a fixed aggregate demand curve in the AD-AS model. D) a decrease in aggregate supply in the AD-AS model.

When deriving the aggregate demand (AD) curve from the aggregate expenditure model, an increase in U.S. product prices would cause an increase in: A) the value of household wealth and lower consumption expendtitures. B) interest rates and lower investment expenditures. C) exports and imports. D) U.S. resource prices and an increase in aggregate supply.

(Advanced analysis) Assume that the MPS is .33 in an economy that has an aggregate supply curve with a slope of 1. An increase in investment spending of $10 billion will shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by: A) $30 billion and increase real GDP by $15 billion. B) $30 billion and increase real GDP by $30 billion. C) $10 billion and increase real GDP by $30 billion. D) $10 billion and increase real GDP by $10 billion.

(Advanced analysis) Assume that the MPC is .8 in an economy that has an aggregate supply curve with a slope of 1. Also, suppose that the price level is flexible downward. A decrease in investment spending of $10 billion will shift the aggregate demand curve leftward by: A) $50 billion and decrease real GDP by $50 billion. B) $50 billion and decrease real GDP by $25 billion. C) $10 billion and decrease real GDP by $10 billion. D) $10 billion and decrease real GDP by $25 billion.