CH 11-13

Their rapid rotation flings the mass near the equator outward.

It emits twice as much.

100 million

spectroscopy of the cloud layers

by contracting, changing gravitational potential energy into thermal energy

It is about the same size but is 10 times more massive.

The extra mass of Jupiter compresses its interior to a greater extent than that of Saturn

It has a different composition than Saturn, including a higher proportion of hydrogen compounds and rocks.

Jupiter's greater mass compresses it more, thus increasing its density.

by raining dense helium droplets from higher to lower altitudes, resembling the process of differentiation

All have cores of about the same mass, but differ in the amount of surrounding hydrogen and helium.

Accretion took longer further from the Sun, so the more distant planets formed their cores later and captured less gas from the solar nebula than the closer jovian planets.

Different layers represent clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures

alternating bands of rising and falling air at different latitudes.

a long-lived, high-pressure storm

Methane does not condense into ice in the warmer atmospheric temperatures of Jupiter and Saturn.

a mixture of rock and ice.

Io did have impact craters but they have all been buried in lava flows.

a natural consequence of tidal forces acting on the moons.

A massive planet exerts a tidal force on a moon that causes the moon to align itself such that its tidal bulges always point toward and away from the planet.

Ice has a lower melting point than rock.

tidal heating

the backward orbit of Triton (a moon of Neptune)

Titan

nitrogen

It is the coldest moon in the solar system.

The nitrogen comes from the breakup of ammonia (NH3) by solar radiation and subsequent thermal escape of the hydrogen.

It underwent an episode of tidal heating in the past.

It orbits Neptune in the opposite direction of Neptune's rotation.

a few tens of meters

Any particle in the ring with an orbital tilt would collide with other ring particles, flattening its orbit.

- nearer to their planet than any of the planet's large moons. - orbiting in the equatorial plane of their planet. - composed of a large number of individual particles that orbit their planet in accord with Kepler's third law. - known to exist for all of the jovian planets. --> all of the above

a large gap, visible from Earth

All probably look much like they did when the solar system first formed.

- Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune --> all of the above

Neptune

Neptune

They are higher in average density than are the terrestrial planets.

core of rock, metal, and hydrogen compounds; thick layer of metallic hydrogen; layer of liquid hydrogen; layer of gaseous hydrogen; cloud layer

both the Sun and their interiors, in roughly equal proportions.

They all have the same exact set of internal layers, though these layers differ in size.

the Sun.

clouds of sulfuric acid

They are much faster than hurricane winds on Earth.

a long-lived, high-pressure storm on Jupiter

methane

Jupiter's magnetic field is about 20,000 times as strong as Earth's.

Most of the moons are large enough to be spherical in shape, but a few have the more potato-like shapes of asteroids.

It is the most volcanically active body in our solar system.

Titan

features or erosion, including what appeared to be dry river valleys and lakebeds

Europa

Triton

countless icy particles, ranging in size from dust grains to large boulders

Saturn's rings formed along with its moons 4.6 billion years ago.

carbon dioxide

They actually contain relatively little material in a gaseous state.

Particles in the solar nebula were more spread out at greater distances, so that accretion took longer and there was less time to pull in gas before the solar wind cleared the nebula.

Jupiter is contracting very gradually

Its density would increase but its diameter would barely change.

Saturn, where it generates heat as it falls downward.

The three layers represent clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures

The light stripes are regions of high clouds, and the dark stripes are regions where we can see down to deeper, darker clouds.

Temperatures on Jupiter and Saturn are too high for methane to condense.

Uranus

The region is full of gases that become ionized after they are released from volcanoes on Io.

Jovian moons are made mostly of ice that can melt or deform at lower temperatures than can the rock and metal that make up the Moon and Mercury.

Io orbits Jupiter on an elliptical orbit, due to orbital resonances with other satellites.

Astronomers have detected small lakes of liquid water on Europa's surface.

lakes of liquid water in the warmer equatorial regions

Triton orbits Neptune in a direction opposite that of Neptune's rotation.

The rings must look much the same today as they did shortly after Saturn formed.

Comets are balls of ice and dust.

Most are unchanged since their formation in the solar nebula.

an asteroid.

a comet.

Asteroids formed inside the frost line, while comets formed outside.

1,000 km

It is about a quarter the size of the Moon.

1 million km

less than that of any terrestrial planet.

along Jupiter's orbit, 60° ahead of and behind Jupiter

have plotted distributions of the orbital radii of the asteroids.

orbital resonances with Jupiter.

A gap is located at an average orbital distance, and asteroid orbits often have large eccentricities.

Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet.

by comparing its infrared thermal emission to its visible-light reflection

determining its mass from its gravitational pull on a spacecraft, satellite, or planet.

The strength of gravity on small asteroids is less than the strength of the rock.

a fragment of an asteroid from the solar system that has fallen to Earth's surface

meteorite

pea-size particle from a comet

- A meteorite is usually covered with a dark crust from burning in Earth's atmosphere. - A meteorite usually has a high metal content. - Meteorites have different isotope ratios of particular elements when compared to terrestrial rocks. - Meteorites contain rare elements, such as iridium, that terrestrial rocks do not. --> All of the above are true.

contain a noticeable fraction of pure metallic flakes.

rocky and primitive.

chunks of a larger asteroid that was shattered by a collision.

- the cores of asteroids. - the Moon. - Mars. - comets. --> all of the above

calculated its orbit and predicted that it would return in 1758.

be one of the first three discoverers who report it to the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

inside of Jupiter's orbit

the plasma tail

The solar wind electromagnetically "blows" the ions directly away from the Sun.

near the jovian planets

near the radius at which they orbit today

come from the Oort cloud.

a trillion.

10 km

about 80 years ago

The two planets have an orbital resonance that prevents them from colliding.

Pluto's moon

Pluto is regarded by many to be a planet.

dust injected into the stratosphere from the impact absorbed visible light from the Sun, causing global temperatures to plummet.

It dredged up material that gave us our first direct look at Jupiter's interior composition.

once every hundred million years

discovery of Pluto's 3 moons

Objects in the Kuiper belt are made mostly of rock and metal.

a meteorite.

between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

If we could put all the asteroids together, they would make an object about the size of Earth.

pea.

a meteorite that is essentially unchanged since it first condensed and accreted in the solar nebula some 4.6 billion years ago

being a fragment from Comet Halley.

Comets always have tails.

generally away from the Sun

the coma.

1 trillion.

he calculated its orbit and predicted the year in which it would next be seen.

the largest of Pluto's three known moons

a large member of the Kuiper belt.

an icy object that orbits in the Kuiper belt and is larger than Pluto

the 1994 impact of a chain of comet fragments into Jupiter

the extinction of a large fraction of the world's plant and animal species in a relatively short period of time

of global climate effects initiated by dust and smoke that entered the atmosphere after the impact.

It is a little less than half the diameter of our Moon.

much less than the mass of any terrestrial planet.

Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet.

orbital resonances with Jupiter.

the glow from a pea-size particle and the surrounding air as the particle burns up in our atmosphere

by comparing its brightness in visible light to its brightness in infrared light

the rings of Saturn

Your meteorite is a fragment from the core of a large asteroid that shattered in a collision.

Oort cloud comets

It would have only one tail instead of two.

It has been on its current orbit for only a very short time compared to the age of our solar system.

Earth is crossing the orbit of a comet.

Pluto orbits the Sun exactly 2 times for every 3 Neptune orbits, which ensures they never come close together.

It probably formed as a result of a giant impact.

Pluto grows a coma and a long tail when it is at the point in its orbit closest to the Sun.

was not surprising, because other Kuiper belt objects approaching the size of Pluto had already been discovered.

Fossilized dinosaur bones contain fragments of rock from the impact.

Neither the asteroid belt nor Oort cloud would exist.

about a decade ago.

a thousand

detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum

detection of reflected light by the planet

are more massive than Earth and orbit very close to the star.

a billion times brighter

measuring the positions of stars on the sky

- minimum mass. - orbital radius. - orbital eccentricity. --> all of the above

Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits.

walking speed.

Doppler and transit observations.

spectra.

the Doppler technique.

massive planets around nearby stars.

big planets in edge-on orbits around small stars.

the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher.

only the motion of star toward the observer is measured, not the full motion.

Mercury

transit

extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System

the planet's mass and orbital distance.

the orbital period of the planet.

the orbital eccentricity of the planet.

the planet's size.

Their masses are similar to Jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot.

the excess absorption of starlight at specific wavelengths.

rock dust

They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards.

The gas in the solar nebula would create a drag on the planets and their orbits would migrate inwards.

It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational interactions.

It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System.

10,000.

1 in 200

a planet that orbits a star that is not our own Sun

between 100 and 1,000

the Doppler technique.

the planet's minimum mass

The size of the Doppler shift that we detect depends on whether the planet's orbit is tilted.

- only the Doppler technique - only the transit technique - only the astrometric technique --> all of these techniques

Photographs reveal that most of them have atmospheres much like that of Jupiter.

nearer to their stars than Mercury to our Sun

jovian planets

Many extrasolar planets travel on very eccentric orbits.

Jovian planets can migrate from the orbits in which they are born.

It will look for slight changes in a star's brightness that repeat at regular intervals.

by the transit technique from an observatory in space

observing a star carefully enough to notice that it is experiencing a gravitational tug caused by an unseen planet.

Their light is overwhelmed by the light from their star.

position in the sky.

Compare many spectra of the star taken over a period of many months or years.

a massive planet that is close to its star

its rotation period.

The planet must be closer to the star than Earth is to the Sun.

Some of the planets orbit their star more closely than Mercury orbits the Sun.

intense volcanism

Only a tiny percentage of stars are surrounded by spinning disks of gas during their formation.

We have not yet been searching for planets at such distances for a long enough time.

These planets migrated inward after being born on orbits much farther from their stars

Our solar nebula must have been blown into space shortly after the formation of the jovian planets.

in a decade or two, through space missions now in the early planning stages