What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of such a molecule?
answer
it has both an amino group, which makes it an amine and a carboxyl group which makes it a carboxylic acid
question
Suppose you had an organic molecule such as cytesine, and you chemically removed the --NH2 group and replaced it with a --COOH. How would this change the chemical properties of the molecule?
answer
a chemical group that can act as a base by picking up H+ has been replaced with a gropu that can act as an acid, increasing the acidic properties of the molecule. The shape of that molecule would also change, likely changing the molecules with which it can interact
question
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolize a polymer that is ten monomers long?
answer
9 with one water molecule required to hydrolyze each connected pair of monomers
question
Suppose you eat a serving of fish. What reactions must occur for the amino acid monomers in the protein of the fish to be converted to new proteins in your body?
answer
the amino acids in the fish protein must be released in hydrolosis reactions and incorporated into other proteins in dehydration reactions
question
Write the formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons.
answer
C3H6O3
question
A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for maltose?
answer
C12H22O11
question
After a cow is given antibiotics to treat an infection, a vet gives the animal a drink of gut culture containing prokaryotes. Why is this necessary?
answer
The antibiotic treatment is likely to have killed the cellulose-digesting prokaryotes in the cow's stomach. The absence of these prokaryotes would hamper the cow's ability t oobtain energy from food and could lead to weight loss and possibly death. Thus, prokaryotic species are reintroduced, in appropriate combinations, in the gut culture given to treated cows
question
Compare the structure of fat with that of a phospholipid.
answer
Both have a glycerol molecule attached to fatty acids. The glycerol of a fat has three fatty acids attached whereas the glycerol of phospholipid is attached to two fatty acids and one phosphate group
question
Why are human sex hormones considered lipids?
answer
human sex hormones are steroids, a type of hydrophobic compound
question
Suppose a membrane surrounded an oil droplet, as it does in the cells of plant seeds. Describe and explain the form it might take.
answer
the oil droplet membrane could consist of a single layer of phospholipids rather than a bilayer, because an arrangement in which the hydrophobic tails of the membrane phospholipids were in contact with the hydrocarbon regions of the oil molecules would be more stable
question
Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally?
answer
the function of a protein is a consequence of its specific shape, which is lost when a protein becomes denatured
question
What parts of a polypeptide participate in the bonds that hold together secondary structure? Tertiary structure?
answer
secondary structure involves interactions between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary structure involves interactions between atoms of the side chains of the amino acid monomers
question
Where would you expect a polypeptide region that is rich in the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine to be located in the folded polypeptide? Explain.
answer
These are all nonpolar amino acids, so you would expect this region to be located in the interior of folded polypeptides, where it would not contact the aqueous environment inside the cell
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