Ch. 17 Exam Review

24 July 2022
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question
The respiratory quotient is calculated as the ________.
answer
ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced per volume of oxygen consumed
question
If oxygen is consumed by the body cells at a rate of 300 mL per minute, then how much oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?
answer
300 mL per minute
question
Oxygenated blood is found in which of the following?
answer
pulmonary vein only
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Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by what process?
answer
simple diffusion
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Which of the following is NOT part of the pathway that must be crossed by oxygen on its way to binding with hemoglobin?
answer
alveolar mucosal barrier
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Which of the following does NOT contribute to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs?
answer
rapid blood flow
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In a mixture of gases, the driving force for the movement of an individual gas within that mixture is ultimately the ________.
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partial pressure of that gas
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What is the most abundant gas in the air that we breathe?
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nitrogen
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What percentage of air is oxygen?
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21%
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What percentage of air is carbon dioxide?
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< 1%
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What is the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas mixture that is 40% oxygen, 40% argon, and 20% helium, when the total pressure of the gas is 1,000 mm Hg?
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400 mm Hg
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What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air at sea level?
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160 mm Hg
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As humidity increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in air ________.
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decreases as the total pressure of air remains the same
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As the air is saturated with water vapor (humidified) upon entry into the conducting pathway, there will be ________.
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a decrease in the partial pressure of the remaining gases
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At equilibrium, the gas molecules that dissolve in solution and those that remain in the gaseous phase are, by definition, at the same ________.
answer
partial pressure
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The relationship between the concentration of a gas in solution and the partial pressure of that gas can be described by ________.
answer
Henryʹs Law
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Which of the following can increase the concentration of a particular gas in a solution?
answer
increase the partial pressure of that gas exposed to the solution
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At equilibrium, which of the following statements is true when helium and nitrogen are present in a gas at equal partial pressures over water?
answer
The partial pressures of helium and nitrogen in the water are equal.
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The mixing of atmospheric air within the dead space of the conducting zone of the lung upon inspiration results in a partial pressure of ________.
answer
oxygen in the alveoli that is lower than atmospheric
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Which of the following causes a decrease in the PO2 of air as it enters the conducting zone of the lungs?
answer
humidifying the air
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Pulmonary edema describes a condition where the uptake of oxygen and unloading of carbon dioxide is reduced as a consequence of a(n) ________.
answer
thickening of the diffusion barrier by fluid accumulation in the alveoli
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At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air?
answer
100 mm Hg
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At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air?
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40 mm Hg
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At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins?
answer
100 mm Hg
question
At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary arteries?
answer
46 mm Hg
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At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins?
answer
40 mm Hg
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At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic veins?
answer
46 mm Hg
question
During intense exercise, the metabolic activity of muscle causes a ________ in the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue, ________ the movement of oxygen into the tissue.
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decrease : facilitating
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A typical value for blood PO2 in the pulmonary vein is ________, whereas PCO2 is ________.
answer
100 mm Hg : 40 mm Hg
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Under resting conditions, equilibration between alveolar PO2 and PCO2 with blood PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary capillaries occurs in approximately how many seconds?
answer
0.25
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Under resting conditions, equilibration between alveolar PO2 and PCO2 with blood PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary capillaries is completed by the time the blood has traveled what portion of the distance of the pulmonary capillaries?
answer
1/3
question
Mixed venous blood samples can be taken from which of the following blood vessels?
answer
pulmonary artery
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The venous blood in the right ventricle is referred to as ʺmixedʺ because the blood that enters the heart ________.
answer
comes from tissue with differing metabolic activities
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What is an increase in alveolar ventilation to match the demands of increased metabolic activity in the cells called?
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hyperpnea
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Hyperventilation would lead to a(n) ________ within the systemic arteries.
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increase in PO2 and decrease in PCO2
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What is a decrease in carbon dioxide within the blood called
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hypocapnia
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The majority of oxygen present within the blood is ________.
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bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
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Each ________ on the hemoglobin subunit is capable of binding an oxygen molecule, thereby allowing ________ oxygen to bind with one hemoglobin molecule.
answer
heme : four
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What is the primary driving force for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?
answer
PO2
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If hemoglobin is saturated (1.3 mL of oxygen per gram) and there are 150 grams of hemoglobin per liter of blood, how much oxygen can be delivered to the tissue if cardiac output is 15 liters per minute?
answer
2925 mL O2/min
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What is the definition of anemia?
answer
a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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What is labored or difficult breathing called?
answer
dyspnea