Campbell AP Biology Mastering Biology Chapter 24 Work

25 July 2022
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question
What hypothesis did the researchers test in this study? Dusky Salamander
answer
Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations.
question
Identify the independent variable in this study.
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the geographic distance between dusky salamander populations
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Identify the dependent variable in this study.
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the reproductive isolation values for pairs of dusky salamander populations
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Why did the researchers set up four possible matings for each pair of populations: female A + male A; female B + male B; female A + male B; female B + male A?
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to compare the proportion of successful matings within populations to the proportion of successful matings between populations
question
Calculate the value of the reproductive isolation index if all of the matings within a population were successful but none of the matings between populations were successful.
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2.0
question
How do reproductive isolation values change with geographic distance among pairs of dusky salamander populations?
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Reproductive isolation values increase with geographic distance.
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What does the scatter plot suggest about the process of allopatric speciation?
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Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur as populations become separated by greater distances.
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Which hypothesis suggests a possible cause of the relationship shown in the scatter plot?
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Geographically separated populations of dusky salamanders gradually diverge, and the divergence increases with geographic distance.
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Three of the most prominent definitions of species are the biological species concept, the phylogenetic species concept, and the morphological species (morphospecies) concept.
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Biological: not applicable for extinct species Morphological: relies on similarities in structure Phylogenetic: based on evolutionary history Morphological and phylogenetic: accommodates asexual reproduction; species acceptance criteria can be subjective Morphological, phylogenetic, and biological: used scientists in classification
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According to the biological species concept, individuals belong to the same species if they can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers ensure that members of different species do not reproduce with one another. This diagram shows some of these barriers along with examples of the barriers at work.
answer
a.)prezygotic b.)Postzygotic c.)behavioral isolation d.)mechanical isolation e.)temporal isolation f.)gametic isolation g.)reduced hybrid fertility h.)two fish species spawn at different depths i.)a coral's sperm cannot fertilize another's eggs j.) offspring of two newts are sterile k.) lion-tiger hybrids don't reach maturity
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The researchers discovered that the 12 populations could be organized into 3 distinct species. Populations A, B, and C each belong to a different species.
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Species 1) D, F, H, I, K Species 2) L, E Species 3) G, J
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Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed?
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Sympatry
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What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations?
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Gene flow
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True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring.
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False
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Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true?
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They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.
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What would be the ploidy of the viable gametes produced by a tetraploid individual if nondisjunction of all chromosomes occurred in meiosis I?
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Tetraploid
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How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species?
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Nondisjunction event during mitosis
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How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 2 and 10, respectively?
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Haploid number of 6
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Of the 59 matings in the experimental groups, how many were between like-adapted flies (flies adapted to the same medium)?
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42
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Which of the following statements is best supported by the data on matings in the experimental groups?
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The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming between the populations.
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Which of the following statements is supported by the data from the control group matings?
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Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their own starch-adapted population.
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A similar control experiment was performed with flies adapted to maltose, and similar results were obtained. What were these control experiments testing?
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These control experiments tested whether flies were more likely to choose mates from their own population than from another population adapted to the same medium.
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What is genetic drift?
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A change in allele frequencies caused by random events
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Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?
answer
All three answers are correct.
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True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.
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False
question
Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true?
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Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.
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A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to itsoriginal habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true?
answer
The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species.
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A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time?
answer
Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection
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True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.
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False
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Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.
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all of these
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_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.
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Adaptive radiation
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Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.
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adaptive radiation
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The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.
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adaptive radiation
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The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.
answer
adaptive radiation