Biology 1, Chapter 4

25 July 2022
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question
The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________.
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sulfhydryl group (-SH)
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Which of the following molecules is a weak base?
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R-NHv2
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Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that __________.
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a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere
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When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form.
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cis-trans isomers
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Inorganic carbon such as COv2 differs from organic carbon because __________.
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organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it
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Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________.
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all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility
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Carbon's atomic number is 6. This means that it has __________ electrons. After completing the first energy level, carbon has __________ valence electrons and can form __________ bonds.
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6; 4; 4
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Enantiomers are __________.
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mirror-image isomers of a molecule
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Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
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Amino
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The chemical group that acts as an acid is the __________.
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carboxyl group (-COOH)
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When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine, __________ is formed.
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ATP
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Which of the following is found in all amino acids?
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Both -COOH and -NHv2
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Which of the following molecules is a weak acid?
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R-COOH
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Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?
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Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy
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In the pharmaceutical industry, two enantiomers of a drug __________.
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may not be equally effective
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What is ATP's importance in the cell?
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ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
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The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________.
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methyl group (-CHv3)
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Biologically important chemical groups include all of the following except __________.
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water (Hv2O)
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Chemical groups are significant because __________.
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they contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties
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Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to __________ as __________ is to base.
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acid; amino
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What are the six most important chemical elements of life?
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Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur
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In Miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, __________.
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abiotic compounds cycled through the apparatus and were sampled for organic compounds
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Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __________.
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called hydrocarbons
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Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer?
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One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic.
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Structural isomers have __________.
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the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons
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The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that __________.
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a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds
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Which element is always associated with organic chemistry?
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Carbon
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The carbon skeleton can vary in all of the following except __________.
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lacking hydrogen atoms
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Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____.
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the presence or absence of functional groups
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Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
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The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
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Which functional group(s) are present in all amino acids?
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both -COOH and -NHv2
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The element present in all organic molecules is _____.
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carbon
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Which statement about a methyl functional group is correct?
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A methyl group consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
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How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell?
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4
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Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
answer
Cv2Hv4