Anatomy EXAM 1

Levels of Structural Organization:

*Which of the following best defines anatomy?* A. It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. B. It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. C. It is the study of tissues. D. It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

*Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?* A. The heart and blood vessels circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. B. The liver, brain, blood vessels, and stomach are each responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform. C. Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. D. Atoms, the tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

*Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.* A. the gross structures of the body B. cell chemistry C. tissues D. cells

*The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.* A. systemic B. microscopic C. developmental D. gross

*It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________.* A. to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology B. anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing C. it makes for more efficient use of students' and teachers' time D. physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy

*Which of the following statements most accurately describes the complementarity of anatomy and physiology?* A. Anatomy can be described only by the underlying physiology. B. Anatomy is form, which is more concrete than physiology because of the visible structures. C. Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body. D. Physiology is more concrete than anatomy, because it describes structures that can be seen.

*Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs* A. 1-2-3-4-5 B. 2-1-3-4-5 C. 1-2-4-3-5 D. 2-1-4-3-5

*Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level?* A. cellular B. chemical C. organismal D. organ

*Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities?* A. cardiovascular and endocrine systems B. nervous and endocrine systems C. cardiovascular and digestive systems D. nervous and cardiovascular systems

*Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position?* A. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body. B. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. C. The body is erect with feet together and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward. D. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle.

*A coronal section creates a superior and an inferior section.* A. True B. False

*The knee is proximal to the thigh.* A. True B. False

*The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis* A. True B. False

*Why can DNA be used to "fingerprint" a suspect in a crime?* A. The sequence and fragmentation pattern of a person's DNA is unique to that individual. B. The sequence, but not fragmentation pattern, of a person's DNA is unique to that individual. C. DNA cannot be used to identify a suspect: all humans contain the same genes and DNA is, therefore, not unique to an individual. D. The DNA determines the pattern of an individual's fingerprint, and can be 'read' to determine the fingerprint pattern for matching in a database.

*How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it?* A. one B. three C. two D. none

*What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?* A. ATP B. RNA C. DNA D. TACT

*What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3?* A. buffered solution B. neutral solution C. alkaline solution D. acidic solution

*Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?* A. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. B. carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium. C. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium. D. carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium

*Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?* A. neutron B. molecule C. electron D. proton

*Which of the following is NOT a compound?* A. methane (natural gas) B. oxygen gas C. carbon dioxide D. water

*Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing.* A. True B. False

*The pH scale __________.* A. is linear B. ranges from 1 to 7 C. is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution D. is based on the salinity of a solution

*Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions?* A. decomposition B. exchange C. hyperbolic D. synthesis

*Which organic molecules forms the major structural materials of the body?* A. proteins B. calcium salts in bones C. carbohydrates D. lipids

*Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell?* A. mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole B. plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus C. cytosol, nucleus, and membrane D. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

*Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory?* A. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. B. The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells. C. Cells arise from other cells. D. The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the cell.

*Phospholipids provide the specific functions of the plasma membrane.* A. True B. False

*Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.* A. True B. False

*What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?* A. Active transport means that the cell is actively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the membrane. B. Active transport is used to move substances down their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient. C. Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not cooperate with other cells. D. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

*A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane.* A. True B. False

*What is a membrane potential?* A. the ability of the cells to perform their specialized functions B. the possibility of cell activity C. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane D. cooperation between cells

*Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?* A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. ribosomes C. Golgi apparatus D. rough endoplasmic reticulum

*Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.* A. True B. False

*Which of the following organelles is correctly paired with its function?* A. mitochondrion: packaging proteins and lipids B. Golgi apparatus: produce energy for the cell C. lysosome: protein synthesis D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids

*Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell?* A. ribosome B. plasma membrane C. nucleus D. cytoplasm

*Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?* A. endoplasmic reticulum B. ribosome C. nucleus D. lysosome

*Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?* A. in chromosomes within the cytosol B. in the chromatin within the cell's cytoplasm C. in the DNA within the cell's nucleus D. in the nucleolus within the nucleus

*DNA duplication, or replication, take place?* A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase

*When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.* A. chromatids B. chromosomes C. centromeres D. telomeres

*During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?* A. Telophase B. Metaphase C. Prophase D. Anaphase

*During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?* A. Prophase B. Telophase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase

*During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?* A. Telophase B. Anaphase C. Prophase D. Metaphase

*What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?* A. Segregation B. Cytoplasmic streaming C. Cytokinesis D. Microtubule shortening

*Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?* A. G1, prophase, and S B. S, cytokinesis, mitosis C. G1, S, and G2 D. Prophase, metaphase, telophase

*Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?* A. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase B. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis C. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

*During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?* A. synthesis B. prophase C. mitosis D. cytokinesis

*During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?* A. anaphase B. interphase C. metaphase D. prophase

*Label the bases on the RNA transcript...* A = G = T = C= T= G= A=

*__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.* A. mRNA B. DNA C. t-RNA D. rRNA

*When the anatomy of a body part is tied to its specific function, scientists call this the principle of ________.* A. hierarchical organization B. complementarity C. homeostasis D. negative feedback

*Which of the following is a logical organization of biological levels studied in A&P:* A. Atoms, cells, molecules, tissues B. Molecules, atoms, cells, tissues C. Atoms, tissues, molecules, cells D. Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues

*What is the definition of homeostasis?* A. The ability to maintain relatively stable external conditions even though the inside world changes continuously B. The response amplifies the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated C. The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

*Which single abdominopelvic region is the bladder located in?* A. Epigastric region B. Right and left iliac regions C. Hypogastric region D. Right and left lower quadrants

*The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ______* A. body erect B. arms at sides C. palms turned posteriorly D. thumbs pointed laterally

*A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be _____* A. body temperature regulation B. regulating glucose levels in the blood C. enhancement of labor D. blood calcium level regulation

T/F *The wrist is proximal to the elbow.*

T/F *Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance/amplify the original stimulus.*

T/F *It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.*

T/F *The vertical plane through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions is called the sagittal plane*

*In an atom, the number of protons always equals the number* A. of electrons B. of neutrons C. of neutrons and protons D. of neutrons and electrons

*The atomic mass of an atom is determined by the number of* A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. protons and neutrons E. protons and electrons

*Element X has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 15. How many electrons does it have?* A. 6 B. 9 C. 15 D. Cannot be determined

*Which of the following elements will have more than 2 electrons and have a full outer orbital?* A. He (2P, 2N) B. Ne (10P, 10N) C. O (8P, 8N) D. N (7P, 7N)

*Isotopes of an element differ due to the number of:* A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. both protons and electrons

*A combination of two or more atoms of the same type is called* A. an atomic unit B. a molecule C. a compound D. an isotope E. an ion

*Atoms that share electrons have what type of bonds?* A. covalent B. neutral C. hydrogen D. colloidal E. ionic

*Which type of bond is responsible for holding two water molecules together creating the properties of water?* A. hydrogen B. covalent C. ionic D. polar covalent E. double covalent

*The primary site of cellular ATP production in most cells is the______* A. lysosome B. mitochondrion C. nucleus D. ribosome

*Which molecule contains the genetic code?* A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. rRNA

*RNA contains which bases?* A. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil B. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine C. thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil D. adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

*A DNA strand with the sequence AACGTAACG is transcribed. What is the sequence of the mRNA molecule synthesized?* A. AACGTAACG B. UUGCAUUGC C. AACGUAACG D. TTGCATTGC

*The organelle functions to package and deliver proteins:* A. lysosome B. endoplasmic reticulum C. mitochondrion D. Golgi apparatus

*The building blocks of Proteins are ______, while the building blocks of DNA are _____* A. amino acids, nucleic acids B. amino acids, nucleotides C. nucleic acids, amino acids D. amino acids, monosaccharides

*Osmosis is ___________* A. the diffusion of a solute across a membrane B. the diffusion of water across a membrane C. a form of active transport across a membrane

*Which of the following would NOT be found in the plasma membrane of a human cell?* A. proteins B. glycolipids C. RNA D. phospholipids E. Cholesterol

*Contains digestive enzymes...*

*Synthesizes ribosomes...*

*Neutralizes dangerous free radicals...*

*Synthesizes proteins...*

*Packages proteins...*

*Something with a pH of 5 would __________.* A. have fewer H+ ions than OH- ions B. be described as being basic C. have more H+ ions than OH- ions D. be described as being neural

T/F *All organic molecules contain carbon.*