Filtration is a ________________ process that depends on a ___________________ gradient.
answer
passive; pressure
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The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the __________ and exits the tubule cells at the __________.
answer
luminal membrane facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pump
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Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ______________________.
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against; facilitated diffusion
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Which nephron loop is impermeable to water and permeable to salts
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Ascending loop / B
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The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a _________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.
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higher
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The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the _________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa runs ________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.
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efferent; parallel, but in the opposite direction
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Indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order
Indicate whether an increase in each factor would cause an increase or decrease in urine volume
-Blood pressure
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Aldosterone
-Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
There are four major stages in the _________ of urine.
answer
Formation
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The first stage (forming urine) involves creating a filtrate in the _________.
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Glomerulus
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Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are ____________ .
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Reabsorbed
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Waste products will then be _______ by the tubules.
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Secreted
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The last stage is water _________, occurring in the renal tubule.
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Conservation
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The effects of angiotensin II on tubular reabsorption.
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-Constricts afferent and especially efferent arterioles
-Maintains or increases glomerular blood pressure and glomerular filtration
-Reduces blood pressure in peritubular capillary
-Reduces resistance to tubular reabsorption
-Tubular reabsorption increases
-Urine volume is less but concentration is high
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Tubular ______ and secretion occurs with varying solutes in the renal tubules.
answer
reabsorption
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In the ____, there is secretion of urea, H+, creatine, and uric acid.
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PCT
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Conversely, there is a noticeable reabsorption of ____________ , amino acids, urea, and vitamins in the same region of the tubule.
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glucose
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Once in the nephron loop, the _______ limb reabsorbs water.
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descending
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Heading up the ______ limb, urea is secreted.
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ascending
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In the DCT, ___ can be reabsorbed and secreted heading into the collecting duct.
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K+
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Characteristics of the ascending limb
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-Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through
-Active pumping of sodium
-Impermeable to water
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Characteristics of the descending limb
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-Filtrate osmolarity increases as it passes through
-Permeable to water
-Impermeable to solutes
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Circumstances that would promote an increase in blood pressure
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-Increased release of renin
-Vasoconstriction
-Increased production of angiotensin II
-Increased activity of ACE
-Increasing levels of aldosterone
-Increased activation of the thirst mechanism
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Circumstances which would promote a decrease in blood pressure
answer
-Vasodilation
-Declining levels of ADH
-Decreased sodium reabsorption
-Glomerulus
-Arcuate arteries and veins
-Cortical radiate arteries and veins
-Segmental arteries
-Renal arteries and veins
-Vasa recta
-Peritubular capillaries
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Which of the following statements is/are true regarding renal innervation?
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-The renal plexus issues nerve fibers into the renal parenchyma
-Sympathetic stimulation causes the kidneys to secrete renin in response to low blood pressure.
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Descriptions regarding the composition and properties of urine.
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-Urine is more dense than distilled water
-The most abundant solute in urine is a nitrogenous waste
-Urine is approximately 95% water
-Hematuria (blood in urine) may indicate trauma to the kidney
-It is possible for urine to be hypertonic compared to blood plasma
-The oder of urine can be influenced by different good
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Production of urine by the ______ begging to fill the urinary bladder
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Kidney
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The fullness of the urinary bladder is detected by __________.
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Stretch receptors
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Sensory nerve impulses travel along the ________ to the _______ spinal cord.
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pelvic nerve; sacral
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Efferent impulses excite the ________ and relax the __________ urethral
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detrusor; internal urethral
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The kidneys secrete an enzyme called ______ that aid in the regulation of blood pressure.
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Renin
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A patient with advanced kidney disease is likely to be suffering from ___________, which is an unusually high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level
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azotemia
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A disease that results in the breakdown of muscle tissue would result in an increase in the presence of ______ in the blood, which the liver would convert to ______ and would be excreted in the urine.
answer
ammonia ; urea
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After a few days of visiting a ski resort at an elevation of 7000 feet, the kidneys would secrete _________ to increase red blood cell production. This would give the blood a higher oxygen-carrying capacity.
answer
erythropoietin
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