Title IX

1972

All schools, not explicitly intended for sports

No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

1870 Utah women are first to vote in a statewide election 1892 Senda Berenson brings basketball to Smith College women one year after Naismith invited the game in Springfield, MA 1899 NAGWS is formed as the WBC - Women's Basketball Committee 1900 First women participate in Paris Olympics (golf, tennis, archery) 1906 NCAA 1920 First commercial radio broadcast 19th amendment to U.S. constitution is ratified

1954 Brown vs. Board of Education 1964 Civil Rights Act is signed into law 1971 AIAW (Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) 1972 Title IX is enacted into law 1978 Mandatory compliance date for Title IX 1984 First (official) Olympic marathon for women 1992 Franklin v. Gwinnett People can now sue for punitive and compensatory damages in Title IX lawsuits 2003 Clarification letter reaffirms Title IX's jurisdiction

TWO OF THE MOST PROLIFIC WRITERS ABOUT AND ADVOCATES FOR TITLE IX. MANY PEOPLE WHO STUDY TITLE IX IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS LOOK TO THESE TWO WOMEN FOR INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE THEY WERE SOME OF THE FIRST PEOPLE TO ACTUALLY FILE LAWSUITS AGAINST THEIR COLLEGE IN AN EFFORT TO ACHIEVE GENDER EQUITY

Supported dramatic changes in the sport participation opportunities available to girls & women since 1972 Demonstrated that when laws challenge the ideas and lifestyles of people with power, the legitimacy and enforcement of those laws will be questioned Evoked continuous resistance since it became law

Prior to Title IX 90% of women's teams had female coaches Steady decline of women in leadership roles Coaching Administration 2008 42.8% women's teams have female coaches 57.2% have male coaches 2-3% of male teams have female coaches 1972 = > 90% of athletic directors were females 2008 = 21.3% - highest percent since 1980 There are still 11.6% of athletic programs that have no female athletic administrators

Assumes two mutually exclusive categories: heterosexual male and heterosexual female Presents these categories in terms of difference, and as "opposites" Leaves no space for those who do not fit into either of the two categories Involves inequities when it comes to power and access to power