The Urinary System

removes metabolic waste from the blood; forms urine

tubes approximately 10 inches long that transport urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

A hollow extensible, muscular organ that temporarily holds urine

smaller in female, larger in male

approximately 470 mL; at 250-300 mL you begin to feel the urge to urinate; when full, the top of the bladder can reach to the level of the umbilicus

male 8-9 inches; female 1.5 inches

4.5 inches by 2.5 inches by 1 inch; bean shaped

Left is larger in humans as well as higher, right is larger in cat

lie against the dorsal abdominal wall, below the waist line, behind the abdominal peritoneum

cushions the kidneys and helps to hold them in place

cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis

outer one third layer, granular appearance, renal columns are part of the cortex that extended into some areas of the medulla

inner two thirds layer, striated in appearance, consist of renal pyramids

a funnel shaped sue that forms the upper end of the ureter, collects urine

a smaller region of the renal pelvis, collects urine

conical masses that make up medulla

the functional unit

approximately 1 million per kidney

expanded end of a nephron, encloses glomerulus

filters blood to form urine from metabolic waste

rounded mass of capillaries enclosed by Bowman's capsule

the filtering structure in the formation of urine

high pressure of blood in glomerulus causes materials to diffuse out of vessels and into Bowman's capsule

blood enters through an afferent vessel and leaves glomerulus through an efferent vessel

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

the filtrates from Bowman's capsule pass through the tubules and certain components are reabsorbed into capillaries that surround the tubules

excess sugar in urine

blood present in urine

puss or WBCs present in urine

infection of renal pelvis

kidney stones in renal pelvis

infection of the urinary bladder

infection of the nephron

accumulation of fluid in the tissue

kidney failure

urination

machine that acts as a filtering system for blood, extends life expectancy

renal artery and saphenous vein

3 to 4 hours

study of the structural function of nephrons

study of the urinary tract

urethra, urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys

concave medial indention of the kidneys

ureter, renal artery, renal vein

adipose, renal capsule, and renal fascia

when perirenal fascia is not abundant, the kidneys are not fixed in place and they drop upon standing

difficult and painful urination

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

nerve that supplies info to the kidneys

no

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

produced by adrenal glands, controlled by NaCl

produced in the nephron, controlled by hypothalamus

bring oxygen-rich/dirty blood to the glomerulus

bring oxygen-poor/clean blood away from the glomerulus

water, Na, K, glucose, amino acids, Cl, HCO3, and urea

H, NH4, urea and creatinine

water, Na, K, Cl

urea

water, Na, Cl

Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

hypothalamus

alcohol, coffee, chocolate

tubules absorb more solutes than water, this form diluted urine

blood pressure, fluid intake, diseases

triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by two urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice (stretch receptors)

which sphincter is controllable and at what age do you lose control

dehydration, blood loss, diuretics, infection

normal urinalysis

dark red/brown in color, fishy odor, hazy, above 7.5 pH or below 4.8 pH

expels both urine and semen

excessive urination

excessive urination at night

painful urination

increase surface area of tubules

presence of proteins

presence of nucleic acids

presence of muscle

presence of protein metabolism

48 gallons in a 24 hour period

pressure a fluid exerts

Bowman's capsule, PCT, descending limb of loop of henle, ascendling limb of loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct