The Respiratory System

25 July 2022
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What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?
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Nose, mouth, pharynx (nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx), epiglottis
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What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?
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Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alverolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.
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What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
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Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, and Sphenoid that connect to the nasal cavity
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What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
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1) Serves as resonating chambers within the skull that intensify and prolong sounds, enhancing the quality of the voice. 2) Lighten the skull 3) Help moisten and cleanse inhaled air.
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How do the 4 paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?
How do the 4 paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?
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They drain into the middle meatus.
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What is the structure of the lungs?
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Pair, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. Pleural membrane encloses and protects each lung. Superficial Parietal Pleura lines the wall of the thoracic cavity, the deep visceral pleura covers the lungs; the small space between parietal and viseral pleurae is the pleural cavity (contains a lubricating fluid to reduce friction as the lungs expand and recoil). Major Surface features of the lungs include: Apex, base, hilus(m), lobes, cardiac notch, pleural membranes, pleural cavity, alveoli, the respiratory membrane
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How does the conduction system branch as it passes through the lungs?
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What are the structures of the respiratory membrane and it's functions?
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The respiratory membrane consists of four tissue layers: 1. alveolar wall (type 1 and type 11 aveolar cells and alveolar macrophages 2. epithelial basement membrane-under the aveolar wall 3. Capillary basement membrane-fused to the epithelial basement membrane. 4. Capillary epithelium The exchange of respiratory gases(O2 and CO2) between the lungs and blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls. Collectively, these layers are called the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane.
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What is external respiration?
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also known as Pulmonary gas exchange, it is the diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction. It converts deoxygenated blood coming from the right side of the heart into oxygenated blood that returns to the left side of the heart. As blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries it picks up O2 from alveolar air and unloads CO2 into alveolar air.
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What is internal respiration?
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also known as systemic gas exchange, it is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells. As O2 leaves the bloodstream, oxygenated blood is converted into deoxygenated blood (CO2 is gained from cellular respiration). Unlike external respiration, which occurs only in the lungs, internal respiration occurs in tissues throughout the body.
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What is the respiratory membrane?
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Where the exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place, between the air spaces in the lungs and the blood, by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls (which form the respiratory membrane).
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What are the accessory structures of the respiratory system?
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The auditory (eustachian tubes), diaphragm, paranasal sinuses, concha of nasal cavity, vocal cords (glottis)
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What are the 2 functional parts of the respiratory system?
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1) The Conducting Zone 2) The Repiratory Zone
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What does the Conduction zone of the respiratory system consists of?
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a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. Includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.
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What does the Repiratory Zone of the respiratory systems consists of?
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consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli and are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
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What is the Pleural membrane and it's structures?
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the double layered serous membrane that covers each lung. (1)The PARIETAL PLEURA-superficial layer (LINES THE THORACIC CAVITY) (2) The VISCERAL PLEURA-deep layer (covers the lung surface) (3) PLEURAL CAVITY- space between parietal and visceral pleura.(4) PLEURAL FLUID-secreted by the membranes for lubrication-decreases friction between parietal and visceral pleura, slides easily over one another during breathing; allows parietal and visceral pleura to adhere to one another due to surface tension.
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Branching of Bronchial Tree (Conduction Zone of Respiratory System)
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Trachea-->Primary Bronchi-->Secondary Bronchi-->Tertiary Bronchi-->Bronchioles-->Terminal Bronchioles
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Respiratory Zone of the respiratory system
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Begins with the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES-->ALVEOLAR DUCTS-->ALVEOLAR SACS-->ALVEOLI
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What are the structures of the alveoli?
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TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS-forms continuous lining of alveolar wall it is the main site of gas exchange; TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS (SEPTAL)-between type l alveolar cells, fewer, rounded or cuboidal epithelium, free surfaces with microvilli, secretes alveolar fluid; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES, ELASTIC BASEMENT MEMBRANE-BLOOD CAPILLARY NETWORK
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What are the stages of Respiration (3)?
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1) PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)-inhilation and exhilation of air-exchange between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs 2) EXTERNAL (PULMONARY) RESPIRATION-exchange of gases between alveoli (lungs) and blood in pulmonary capillaries across respiratory membrane (pulmonary capillaries gains O2 and loses CO2). 3) INTERNAL (TISSUE) RESPIRATION-exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. Blood loses O2 and gains CO2 from cellular respiration-metabolic reactions in cells that consume O2 and give off CO2 during ATP production.
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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(1)Before inhalation and after exhalation, air pressure in lungs =atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg=1 atm); Flow of air through respiratory conduction system is from area of higher to lower pressure.(2) During Inhalation,skeletal muscles contract (75% contraction of diaphram and 25% contraction of external intercostal muscles), lungs expand, decrease pressure in lungs (alveoli) less than atmospheric pressure (759-757mm Hg) air enters lungs from outside the body.