Test 2 Guide Part 02

9 October 2022
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20 test answers

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Adult Intelligence: Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence.
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Some abilities gradually decline starting at around age 25, while others stay relatively steady. There is no uniform pattern of age-related intellectual changes. For example, fluid intelligence (the ability to deal with new problems and situations) declines with age, while crystallized intelligence (the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired) remains steady and in some cases improves.
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Adult Intelligence: What general age range does most decline happen?
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On average, some cognitive declines are found in all abilities by age 67, but they are minimal until the 80s. Even at age 81, less than half of the people tested showed consistent declines over the previous 7 years.
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Adult Intelligence: How does it affect individuals?
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There are also significant individual differences. Some people begin to show declines in their 30s, while others show no declines until their 70s. In fact, about a third of people in their 70s score higher than the average young adult.
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Adult Intelligence: Environmental and cultural factors
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Environmental and cultural factors play a role. People with no chronic disease, higher socioeconomic status, involvement in an intellectually stimulating environment, a flexible personality style, a bright spouse, good perceptual processing speed, and satisfaction with one's accomplishments in midlife or early old age showed less decline.
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Adult Intelligence: Genes
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One reason these changes occur is that brain functioning begins to change in middle adulthood. Researchers have found that 20 genes that are vital to learning, memory, and mental flexibility begin to function less efficiently as early as age 40.
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Adult Intelligence: Changing Techniques
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Furthermore, as people age, the specific areas of their brains used to accomplish particular tasks change. For instance, older adults use both brain hemispheres for tasks that in younger people involve just one hemisphere.
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Types of Intelligence: Crystallized Intelligence
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Crystallized intelligence is the information, skills, and strategies that people have accumulated through experience and that they can apply to solve problems.
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Types of Intelligence: Fluid Intelligence
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Fluid intelligence reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. To arrange a series of letters according to some rule or to memorize a set of numbers uses fluid intelligence.
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Wechsler: Information Subtest
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using general information abstracted from the culture. "using" (applying) general information. What animal do we get our milk from? Why does oil float on water? What does the stomach do?
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Wechsler: Comprehension Subtest
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using practical judgement in everyday social situations. "using" (applying) practical judgement What should you do when you cut your finger? Why should we pay bills by check rather than by cash?
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Wechsler: Arithmetic Subtest
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Using abstracted concepts of number and numerical operations If I cut an apple in half, how many pieces will I have? If you buy three oranges at 30c each, how much change do you get from a dollar?
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Wechsler: Similarities Subtest
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Seeing basic relationships between facts and ideas. "Seeing" You must see the basic relationship between plums and peaches (categorize) as fruit. In what way are a plum and a peach alike? In what way are a mountain and a lake alike?
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Wechsler: Vocabulary Subtest
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Demonstrating scope and quality in use of language. Diamond. What is a diamond? Mantis. What is a mantis?
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Wechsler: Digit Span Subtest
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Using immediate auditory recall (Memory/Retrieval)
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Wechsler: Picture Completion Subtest
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Visually identifying essential features of familiar objects. The respondent is presented with a series of scenes. One scene the sun is shining with a house, car and tree. The house and car have shadows, but the tree does not. What is missing?
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Wechsler: Picture Arrangement Subtest
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Seeing and planning a logical sequence in everyday social events. Comic like frames are presented in random order. Within a time limit, you have to arrange the frames in logical order.
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Wechsler: Block Design Subtest
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Using non-verbal concept formation. In this test you are presented with blocks with different color sides. You are shown a picture of a design which you must replicate with the blocks. (spacial relations)
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Wechsler: Object Assembly Subtest
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Assembling material into a conceptually meaningful whole. You are presented with pieces of a puzzle. Within a time limit you must arrange the pieces so they depict something meaningful.
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Wechsler: Coding Subtest
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Making associations quickly and accurately, visual-motor integration. You are presented with a series of numbers 1-9. For each number there is a unique symbol. You are then presented with a field of random numbers and you have to begin at the top to accurately record the unique symbol for each number as you encounter it. There is a 2 minute time limit.
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Wechsler: Mazes Subtest
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Visually tracking stimuli, visual-motor coordination You are presented with a series of mazes with different difficulties. The hand-eye coordination is tested by pencil control throughout the maze.