sports Chapter 3 mult. choice quiz

Participant motivation is usually the result of c. a combination of personal and situational factors

Achievement motivation can best be viewed as a(n) b. personality factor

The entity view of goal perspectives argues that individuals a. view their ability primarily as fixed b. adopt a task focus c. adopt maladaptive motivational patterns d. b and c e. a and c

What is critical in affecting the performance and behavior of sport and exercise participants? a. motivation b. physiology c. biomechanics d. sociological factors e. all of the above

An effective technique to use to change undesirable motives of a participant is a. behavior modification b. cognitive intervention c. rational emotive therapy d. cognitive restructuring e. self-monitoring

The most difficult but most important component of structuring sport and exercise environments to meet an athlete's or exerciser's needs is a. individualizing coaching and teaching b. finding rigorous training environments c. deciding on what motivational strategy to use d. balancing extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

To understand students', athletes', and exercisers' motives for involvement, one should a. observe participants to see what they like and do not like about the activity b. talk to others who know the athletes and exercisers c. periodically ask the participants to list their reasons for participation d. all of the above e. a and c

. Recent research indicates interesting cross-cultural differences in motives for participation. Which of the following is FALSE? a. U.S. youngsters are more intrinsically motivated than Korean youngsters. b. Participants in Asian countries are more interdependent, whereas North Americans are more independent. c. American youngsters are more motivated by competition than Chinese youngsters, who are more motivated by social affiliation. d. Chinese Americans are primarily motivated because of travel and having fun. e. U.S. children are primarily motivated to win, whereas German children are primarily motivated to please parents.

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Mastery goals should be used more often than outcome goals. b. Feedback to athletes should emphasize attributing their success to high ability and high effort. c. Lack of ability, rather than lack of effort, should be emphasized after a failure. d. a and c e. a and b

Which of the following is NOT one of the major motives for participating in sport and exercise? a. having fun b. being with friends c. improving skills d. pleasing parents e. developing fitness

"A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others" is the definition of which of the following? a. achievement motivation b. self-esteem c. self-confidence d. self-concept e. competitiveness

The results of the Sorrentino and Sheppard study have which of the following practical implications? a. The four fastest swimmers would not necessarily make the best relay team. b. Both situation and personal factors should be considered in understanding motivation. c. Rejection-oriented swimmers would perform best in relays. d. a and c e. a and b

A study by Sorrentino and Sheppard on motivation of swimmers found that a. approval-oriented swimmers demonstrated faster times in the group situation than in the individual situation b. approval-oriented swimmers demonstrated faster times in the individual situation than in the group situation c. rejection-oriented swimmers swam faster individually than in relay situations d. a and c e. b and c

The interactional view of motivation claims that motivation is an interaction of which two factors? a. person and situation b. goals and coach's style c. personality and goals d. personality and needs e. goals and win-loss record

An athlete is more motivated when she plays against competitors who are better than she is than when she plays better than her competitors. This is an example of which approach to motivation? a. trait-centered b. situational c. interactional d. individual

Which is the most widely endorsed view of motivation taken by sport psychologists? a. trait-centered b. situational c. interactional d. individual

Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. This is consistent with which view of motivation? a. trait-centered b. situational c. individual d. interactional

Which one of the following is NOT a general orientation to motivation? a. trait-centered b. situational c. individual d. interactional

In a general sense, motivation can be defined as a. the intensity and direction of one's effort b. the direction and width of one's effort c. the intensity of one's effort d. the direction of one's effort

Bill is always concerned with comparing his ability to others' and with winning. Thus, Bill has a. a mastery goal orientation b. a task goal orientation c. an attribution goal orientation d. an outcome goal orientation e. an achievement goal orientation

Which of the following is NOT a major reason for initially joining an exercise program? a. weight loss b. fitness c. health factors d. affiliation e. to feel better

Stable attributions are linked to a. affect b. cognition c. expectations of future success or failure d. emotions

The overriding characteristic of individuals who exhibit learned helplessness is a. attributing success to effort b. feeling their actions have no impact on desired outcomes c. attributing failure to bad luck d. feeling they are in control of their actions

Attribution retraining generally focuses on changing a. low-ability attributions b. high-effort attributions c. high-ability attributions d. task difficulty attributions e. luck attributions

Which of the following is NOT a stage of development in competitiveness and achievement motivation? a. autonomous competence stage b. integrated stage c. social-comparison stage d. perceived competence stage

In the competence motivation theory, ______ and _________ influence perceived competence, which in turn influences affect and motivation. a. feedback; attributions b. feedback; motivational orientations c. motivational orientations; attributions d. motivational climate; self-esteem e. perceived control; feedback

Competence motivation theory was based on the research of developmental psychologist a. Tara Scanlan b. Susan Harter c. Thelma Horn d. Glyn Roberts

Which type of motivational climate is associated with the most adaptive motivational changes? a. mastery b. performance c. outcome d. decision making e. attributional

A task goal orientation will usually lead to which of the following? a. persistence in the face of failure b. selecting a very difficult task or opponent c. a strong work ethic d. a and c e. a and b

The sport-specific form of achievement motivation is called a. competitiveness b. confidence c. mental preparation d. mental toughness

. Internal and external attributions are linked to a. emotional reactions b. cognitions c. expectations d. behavioral intent e. self-talk

Self-competition" refers to ________, whereas performance in socially evaluative situations refers to ______. a. competition; achievement motivation b. competition; social facilitation c. achievement motivation; competition d. achievement motivation; social facilitation e. competition; ego involvement

Ability is considered a(n) _______ and ________ attribute. a. stable; external b. stable; internal c. unstable; internal d. unstable; external e. controllable; unstable

Which of the following is NOT an attribution category? a. stability b. causality c. control d. persistence

Attribution theory focuses on a. how individuals explain their success and failure b. how groups explain their personality attributes c. how individuals explain their personal attributes d. how individuals explain their personal biases

In terms of emotional factors, high achievers focus on _______, whereas low achievers focus on ________. a. pride; shame b. elation; depression c. fun; depression d. shame; pride e. pride; depression

For low achievers, which situation provides the LEAST incentive for engaging in achievement behaviors? a. 50% chance of success b. 25% chance of success c. 75% chance of success d. 60% chance of success e. 10% chance of success

For high achievers, which situation provides the MOST incentive for engaging in achievement behavior? a. 50% chance of success b. 25% chance of success c. 75% chance of success d. 60% chance of success e. 10% chance of success

What are the two primary situational considerations in need achievement theory? a. probability of success and motive to achieve success b. probability of success and incentive value of success c. resultant achievement motivation and probability of success d. incentive value of success and pride or shame e. pride or shame and probability of success

Which of the following is (are) false concerning need achievement theory? a. Low achievers have high motivation to achieve success and low motivation to avoid failure. b. High achievers enjoy evaluating their abilities. c. Low achievers often become preoccupied with thoughts of failure. d. a and b e. a and c

Which of the following is NOT a component of achievement motivation theory? a. motive to achieve success b. probability of success c. incentive value of success d. motive to avoid failure e. motive to seek approval from others