The Coleman Report was a systematic large-scale evaluation of data from students and school facilities. It concluded that differences in school characteristics explained:
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only a small portion of educational differences between schools.
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Which of the following is an argument in favor of school vouchers?
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In order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of their ability to pay.
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Which of the following statements is true about college admissions decisions?
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Affirmative action programs at colleges and universities are designed to provide opportunities to historically underrepresented groups and to increase diversity on campuses.
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At 9:05 A.M., the bell rings and children file into their third-grade classroom. The first student to sit at his or her desk—book open and pencil ready to write—wins a star for the day. The students love this little bit of competition. This example of nonacademic socialization (which can teach students the benefit of competition) is referred to, by sociologists, as the:
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hidden curriculum.
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The embodied cultural capital that parents have may work with institutional cultural capital. Which of the following illustrates this?
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If a parent has confidence in social settings, he or she may be better able to advocate for children in front of the school board or at parent-teacher meetings.
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Dr. Shamus Khan studied one of the most elite boarding schools in the nation. Suppose that graduate student Kia Darby replicates Dr. Khan's methodology in her study of public schools in Appalachia. Kia:
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becomes a teacher at a public school in Appalachia.
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Steve is facing medical bills that threaten to bankrupt him. He reads an article about Kari Smith's "creative" financing of her son's college education. Steve decides to follow her example, so he:
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agrees to wear a corporate logo on his hospital gown in exchange for payment.
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Rosenthal and Jacobson's 1968 study of the Pygmalion effect provided strong evidence that teacher expectations matter. Mr. Hildebrand is a teacher who reads this study and, in an effort to improve his teaching, decides to:
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offer promising learners detailed and personalized feedback on their performance—not just a generic "good job."
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Results from the Coleman Report found that:
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achievement differences between schools could be explained best by the family background of students and peers with whom children attended school.
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Though she graduated from high school, Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register. Jenny is:
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innumerate.
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Which of the following is mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion?
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Most of the time, college admissions officers would make the same admissions decisions using information only from students' high school records; furthermore, low SAT scores might disqualify from admission students who are otherwise academically talented.
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If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?
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Asian students
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Which of the following best illustrates the concept of cultural capital?
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Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor's degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers.
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Studies show that ________ school students score highest on achievement tests, followed by ________ school students.
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Catholic; secular private and public
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Research on teacher quality demonstrates that:
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it is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify.
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Which of the following is a sociological criticism of the idea that IQ affects educational outcomes?
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IQ tests are culturally biased against some groups.
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Research has shown that the ________ the family, the ________ the children's achievement on test scores and grades.
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larger; lower
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Which of the following is an argument against the sorting function served by schools? The sorting function results in students being:
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sorted in ways that reproduce existing social inequalities.
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Jacqui is a student at a Catholic middle school. One day she is asked by her friends from the public school to skip school. Though Jacqui wants to be with her friends and is excited by the thought of breaking the rules, she decides not to go. Jacqui is concerned that if she were seen skipping school, her actions would reflect badly on her school, her parents, and her teachers. She also does not want to undermine the trust that adults have placed in her. Her rationale illustrates how ________ in Catholic schools may influence behavior.
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social capital
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Contrary to popular belief:
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girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.
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Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:
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human capital.
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Which of the following examples would be supported by the research findings on the influence of home characteristics on education?
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During the summer, children from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds make educational gains, while children from lower socioeconomic status families experience greater summer setbacks.
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According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following?
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decrease black and Hispanic admission acceptance rates by one-half to two-thirds
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One of the problems with credentialism is that more and more students (with their parents' help) are attempting to attend private schools or to be placed in the best tracks in their public school. This may be one of the reasons that:
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parents are attempting to have their children accepted at the "right" day care, sometimes even before they are born.
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A paradox of the American education system is that education is:
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a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.
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With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that:
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stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that social processes of stratification and stigmatization affect the life chances of these groups.
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With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?
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When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.
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One important finding from the Coleman Report was that:
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when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, they did better academically.
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A public school uses the approach of ________ to divide students into classes based on ability or future plans.
answer
tracking
question
Which of the following is an argument against tracking in schools?
answer
Systems of tracking socialize students to the inequalities they will encounter in American society.
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