Psychology 1

11 October 2022
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Innate ideas
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affirmed by plato and descartes
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Dualism
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The mind and body being distinct and separable
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John Locke
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suggested that the mind at birth is a blank slate
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Introspection
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the self-relfectivee observation of one's own sensations and feelings
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Aristotle and Locke agree that :
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self-concepts are heavily influenced by life experiences
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Structuralism
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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (unreliability of introspection)
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William James was a:
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Functionalist
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Mary Calkins
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student of William James and was the first female president of the APA
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Humanist psychologists focused attention to the importance of people's:
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potential for healthy growth
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Cognitive neuroscience studies the interaction of:
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thought processes and brain functions
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psychoanalytic focus on:
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unconscious conflicts
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the unique ways an individual interprets their own life experiences is:
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cognitive
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Biological approach
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concerned with psychological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes (nature, sleep spin dal)
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cognitive approach
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concerned with how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason (way we think or whats going on in our head)
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Behavioral approach
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concerned with behavioral reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience (study you actions, or tangible, observable behavior)
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Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Approach
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concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior (dreams, childhood trauma)
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Humanistic Approach
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concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth town one's potential (no judge, referred to as a client, positive, free will)
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Evolutionary Approach
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Natural selection behaviors and survival of the fittest and spread of our ancestors genes
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Socio-cultural approach
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concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior (fatter= prettier in Uganda)
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Clinical Psychology
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evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders (do counseling type activities)
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Developmental Psychology
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study of psychological development throughout the lifespan
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Experimental Psychology
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do research to add knew knowledge to the field
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Forensic Psychology
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apply psychological principles to legal issues (criminal justice)
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Educational Psychology
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focus on how effective teaching and learning take place (aren't on site, study theory, ex: formative vs. summative)
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Industrial/ Organizational Psychology
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aim to improve productivity and and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the work place
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School Psychology
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Assess and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when necessary (on site with 1 on 1 attention)
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Sports Psychology
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Help athletes refine their focus on competition and goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure (Shaq)
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Social Psychology
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focus on how a person's mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people
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Consumer Psychology
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study spending trends (teenagers) also falls under industrial psychology
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Counseling Psychology
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help people adapt to change or make changes in their life style ("coaches" who won't work with mental disorders)
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Personality Psychology
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focus on aspects of the individual such as traits attitudes, and goals
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Neuropsychology
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explores the relationships between the brain/ nervous system and behavior.
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Health Psychology
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concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness
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Psychometric Psychology
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focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing data (mean, median, mode)
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Rehabilitation Psychology
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help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from strokes or accidents and adapt to their situations
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Wilhelm Wundt
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founder of scientific psychology in Leipzig, Germany; studied consciousness using introspection
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G. Stanley Hall
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brought introspection to his lab at John Hopkins University; first president of the APA
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Edward Titchener
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studied elements of consciousness at his Cornell University lab
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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first woman to complete her Ph.D in psychology
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William James
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wrote Principles of Psychology
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Mary Calkins
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first woman president of APA
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Ivan Pavlov
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known for classical conditioning of dogs
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John Watson
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known for experiments in classical aversive conditioning
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B. F. Skinner
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know for experiments in operant conditioning
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Sigmund Freud
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"Father of psychoanalysis"
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Jung, Alder, Horney, Kohut
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Freud's followers
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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humanistic psychologists
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Jean Piaget
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studied cognitive development in children
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Eclectic
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use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches
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Psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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Nature- Nurture controversy
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the extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience
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Naturists
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Plato and Descartes- believed behavior is inborn
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Nurturists
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Aristotle, Locke, Watson, and Skinner- believed that behavior results from experience
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Gestalt Psychology
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studied perception and disagreed with structuralists and behaviorists, and said psychologists should study the whole conscious experience
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Innate
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i think, therefore i am