Question 1

Sensory memory:

Accepted Answer

maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form; This describes long-term memory. See pg.269: long periods of time

Question 2

The memory system which psychologists sometimes describe as an inner voice is:

Accepted Answer

short-term memory; Episodic memory is our memory of particular events that we have personally experienced. See pg.272

Question 3

Glynda listens as her roommate lists 18 things they need to buy when they go grocery shopping. As soon as her roommate is done, Glynda decides to write down the items so she won't forget anything. Based on the research into the capacity of short-term memory, you should predict that Glynda will be able to correct write down:

Accepted Answer

between 5 and 9 of the items from the list; She is unlikely to remember this many items - the typical capacity of short-term memory is 7&plusmn;2 items. See pg.275

Question 4

According to psychologists, chunking involves:

Accepted Answer

rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns; This describes visual imagery. See pg.275

Question 5

According to psychologists, semantic memories include:

Accepted Answer

memories of factual information and knowledge about the world in general; This describes episodic memory.

Question 6

According to psychologists, when individuals show evidence of the primacy effect they will be more likely to:

Accepted Answer

remember items from the beginning of an ordered list; This describes massed practice - recall of material is typically poor when repetitions are not spaced out over time. See pg.282

Question 7

Sam has three errands to remember on the way home from school. To help him remember what it is he is supposed to do, he creates three interactive images tied to numeric rhymes, such as one is sun, two is blue, three is free. This memory strategy is an example of the mnemonic device known as:

Accepted Answer

the peg-word system; Chunking is not applicable in this situation - it involves the rearrangement of information into meaningful patterns. See pg.284

Question 8

Ebbinghaus investigated the time course of forgetting. In some of his studies, he forced himself to learn lists of nonsense syllables, and then measured how long it took to relearn the same material after various delays. When he did this, Ebbinghaus found that:

Accepted Answer

the longer the delay, the more time it took to relearn the material; Ebbinghaus found it took more time, not less time, as the delay between the initial learning and the relearning increased. See pg.293

Question 9

According to psychologists, proactive interference occurs when:

Accepted Answer

previously established memories interfere with the formation of new memories; Head injuries produce amnesia, not interference - this would describe anterograde amnesia. See pg.295

Question 10

Typically, the memory loss associated with retrograde amnesia:

Accepted Answer

is not permanent, and the memories recover slowly over time; Retrograde amnesia is not typically a permanent memory loss. See pg.297

Question 11

Sperling's partial report procedure showed that iconic memory retains the complete stimulus array for about half a second.

Accepted Answer

true; Performance was very accurate as long as the cue occurred within half a second. The accurate performance indicated all the information was available initially.

Question 12

Information in sensory memory is usually represented in an acoustic form (inner voice).

Accepted Answer

false; Short-term memory information typically is represented in acoustic form. Sensory memory is represented by a sensory code corresponding to the sense in which information was input.

Question 13

Information is lost from short-term memory after a few seconds unless chunking is used.

Accepted Answer

false; Chunking influences the capacity of short-term memory, not the length of time information is retained in short-term memory.

Question 14

Interference theory suggests information is lost from memory because it fades with time.

Accepted Answer

false; Interference theory suggests that other information overwrites or otherwise disrupts the older information. Decay theory suggests that memories simply fade with time.

Question 15

The phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive are three components of long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

false; These are components of working memory, not long-term memory.

Question 16

When Don recalls what movie he saw last Saturday, he is using episodic memory.

Accepted Answer

true; An episodic memory is a memory of particular events in one's own personal history.

Question 17

Research indicates that flashbulb memories are exceptionally accurate, even years later.

Accepted Answer

false; Neisser and Harsch found that memories of the Challenger explosion were not very accurate after three years, even though they were recalled with great confidence.

Question 18

Items presented in the middle of a list are least likely to be recalled correctly.

Accepted Answer

true; Items at the beginning (primacy effect) and the end (recency effect) of a list usually are recalled significantly more accurately than those in the middle of the list.

Question 19

Memory schemas can be either a positive or a negative influence on the accuracy of memories.

Accepted Answer

Memory schemas help fill in the gaps in memories. General knowledge can provide accurate information, but it also can cause errors.

Question 20

If Mary no longer remembers the bones of the hand after having learned the bones of the foot, her memory problem might be proactive interference.

Accepted Answer

In proactive interference, older memories disrupt more recent ones. When new memories disrupt older memories, retroactive interference has occurred.

Psych Chapter 8

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