Psych 111 Test 1

25 July 2022
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Ontology
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The study of knowing, the study of reality, what is real.
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Humility, curiosity, and skepticism.
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What are the three key attitudes of scientific inquiry?
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Hypothesis
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An educated guess or prediction at answering a scientific question that is testable.
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Case Study
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Where one studies an individual or small group in depth to find out more about a larger group.
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Correlation
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A measurement of how strong a relationship exists between two things. How two variables relate, or how they vary together.
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Double-blind
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When neither the experimenters or the individuals being experimented on are aware of the conditions, such as placebos being used.
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Range
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The highest minus the lowest value.
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Skepticism
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Being skeptical of your finding until you are sure of the truth in it.
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Operational Definition
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Giving quantity to a thing or meaning that is not visible or weighable. For example, how to value or observe love or anger or depression. Based on how the researcher defines the concept.
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Population and sample
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In statistics we generalize from one group to another. These two groups are called...
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Naturalistic Observation
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Simply going out into public and observing without getting in the way or drawing attention to yourselves. Going undercover.
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Standard Deviation
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The average of how much we varied from the expected or average . The rate of consistency.
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Negative correlation
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Inversely related. As one increases, the other decreases.
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Positive correlation
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Directly related. As one increases, the other increases.
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Empiricism
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The belief that all that is real, is or can be observed through the senses.
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Necessity
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Argues that there is only one way to achieve something, meaning without the necessary thing, the supposed thing is not possible. i.e. A square must have four sides, but all four sided objects are not squares. Oxygen is necessary for a fire, but not sufficient as one needs fuel, heat and other things.
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Materialism
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All things that matter are matter. Or all things that matter are material.
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Reductionism
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Simplifying theories and causation down to one cause when many things may be involved. i.e. The amygdule causes aggression whereas many things may cause aggression.
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Synapse
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The space between the dendrites of one neuron and axite of the next.
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Brain plasticity
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When one part of the brain fails or is damaged and other parts of the brain take over or compensate for the damaged area.
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Neurogenesis
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When your brain develops thousands of new neurons each day.
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The left hemisphere
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When a person speaks, they have increased blood flow and activity in which area?
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Phrenology
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Mapping certain areas of the skull that match certain personality traits. People who practice this feel people's heads.
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Dendrites
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They listen to the information from the axons. They are neuro-transmitter receptors.
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re-uptake
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The axon releases the neurotransmitters and then sucks them back up.
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Agonists
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Block the re-uptake of neurotransmitters.
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Sympathetic nervous system
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The fight or flight reaction. The automatic reaction to a situation. Perspiring and blood flow increasing when a burglar assails you
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Para-sympathetic nervous system
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Increases digestion, and slows down heartbeat.
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PET scan
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Giving an individual a temporarily radioactive dosage of glucose, and then tracing which part of the brain it goes to, thereby determining which part of the brain is active.
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Cerebellum
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Part of the brain that controls balance and motor skills.
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Naturalism
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No God. Just chaos and random events, no intervention by a higher power.
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Deism
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Believe in the Clockmaker theory. God is not involved, God does not really care.
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Theism
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God is involved, He must be involved, and there is no possibility of Him not being involved.
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Behaviorists
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Systematically turn people away from consciousness, and don't believe that people consciously do things, but rather that people are defined by their behavior.
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Consciousness
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Self-awareness in the environment we find ourselves in. A state of awareness, being aware of our own thoughts.
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Dual-processing
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When the mind functions at a conscious and sub-conscious level at the same time.
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Circadian Rhythm
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Biological clock, roughly follows a 24 hour cycle that causes you to feel sleepy and to wake up.
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Narcolepsy
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Uncontrollable attacks of deep sleep at random times.
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Cognitivists
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Came about in the 60's telling people there is more to psychology than behaviorism.
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Selective Attention
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Paying attention to the thing that stands out or is the bigger threat. If a man runs in with a gun, we won't pay attention to their shirt color.
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REM Sleep
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The deepest part of sleep we go in to that cyclically increases as time goes on.
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Social influence Hypnosis
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The individual is in a normal state of consciousness when under hypnosis.
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Divided consciousness hypnosis
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The individual is in another state of consciousness when under hypnosis.
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Cocaine
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Psychoactive drug that also increases pulse, and gives a sense of euphoria.
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Dehydration
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Big Problem With Ecstasy
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Epigenome
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Represents the impact of the environment on your genome.
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False
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Genes do not directly interact with the environment
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False
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Environment is above the genome
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True
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The epigenome is above the genome
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False
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Genes do not cause any psychological effects
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Tabula Rasa
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Each individual comes into this world with a blank slate.
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Innate Mind Theory
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Theory that we are born with certain qualities and we have in-born qualities.
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Environment
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Every Non-genetic influence is...
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The same placenta
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Identical twins may share a certain thing which causes them to have even more similar characteristics.
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Temperament
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An individual's emotional intensity and excitability.
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Heritability
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The percentage of diversity that can be attributed to genes. Twin studies are often used to estimate this.
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Molecular Geneticist
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An individual who is interested in possible links between certain genes and certain characteristics.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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They follow the principles of natural selection, and claim that this is what causes the changes and mutations in genes.
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DNA
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A complex molecule.
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Home environment
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Has more of an impact on ethnic and religious beliefs.
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Temperament
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Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. The 3 different types.
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The interaction of nature and nurture.
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People have responded so well to Alyssa's good looks that she now has a socially confident and outgoing personality. What does this illustrate
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Biopsychosocial
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Biology, psychology, and sociology working as one.
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Behavior geneticists
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Interested in hereditary effects on personality traits.
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All types of cells
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Chromosomes exist in...
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Difficult babies
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Irritable, extreme, unpredictable, emotional.
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Biological Parents
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Are more likely to take better care of their actual children than a step-father or a boyfriend because they wish to pass on their own genetic material and continue their legacy.
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
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Me vs. We
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Dependence
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Relying on one for assistance and aide without giving aid back. For example, a new born.
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Sufficiency
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Explains the full causation and reasons behind something.