What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
top-down
top-first
bottom-up
bottom-down
answer
top-down
question
Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?
Research has not supported either theory.
Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.
The trichromatic theory is more accurate than the opponent-process theory.
The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory.
answer
Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.
question
Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.
as a result of old age
as a result of disease
due to deliberate damage
since birth
answer
since birth Explanation: Congenital deafness refers to deafness that is present from birth. This can be due to a number of factors, including genetic defects, exposure to certain toxins or infections during pregnancy, or complications during delivery. Deafness that develops later in life is not considered congenital.
question
Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate.
Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race.
Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background.
answer
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
question
What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?
optic chiasm
iris
lens
fovea
answer
optic chiasm Explanation: The X-shaped structure is called the optic chiasm, and it represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes. The optic chiasm is located just below the brain's ventral surface, and the optic nerves from the two eyes meet at the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm allows the two eyes to share information about what they are seeing.
question
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
lens; fovea
iris; retina
cornea; iris
fovea; lens
answer
lens; fovea Explanation: In a normal-sighted individual, the lens will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the fovea. The fovea is a small, central area of the retina that provides the clearest vision. It is responsible for seeing fine details and colors. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye that helps to focus light. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
question
What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
sensory adaptation
inattentional blindness
answer
inattentional blindness Explanation: The concept illustrated by the following study is inattentional blindness. This is when people fail to notice an object that is in plain sight because they are not paying attention to it. In this study, the participants were so focused on either white or black objects that they didn't notice the red cross. This shows how easy it is to miss something when you're not looking for it.
question
What is described by the concept of perception?
how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts
what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
answer
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced Explanation: Perception is the process of detecting and interpreting sensory information. It involves the detection of stimuli by the senses and the interpretation of these stimuli by the brain. Perception is a complex process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including the individual's prior knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.When a stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, it is converted into a neural signal. This signal is then transmitted to the brain, where it is interpreted and consciously experienced. The interpretation of the stimulus is influenced by the individual's prior knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.
question
Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?
We read the first sentence as practice and the second sentence as real.
The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded.
We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.
We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence quicker.
answer
We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word. Explanation: The principle of proximity explains that people tend to group things together that are close to each other. In the first sentence, the letters of each word are close together, so we read it as one word. In the second sentence, the words are close together, so we can read it as a sentence.
question
Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?
They have small, hair-like extensions.
They are cells.
They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.
They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose.
answer
They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.
question
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
signal detection
top-down
subliminal
absolute threshold
answer
top-down
question
Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.
lens; retina
cornea; pupil
pupil; cornea
iris; pupil
answer
cornea; pupil Explanation: Light waves are transmitted across the lens and enter the eye through the pupil. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris, the colored part of the eye. The lens is a clear, curved structure that helps to focus light on the retina. The retina is a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains light-sensitive cells. These cells convert light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
question
Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.
maintain balance and body posture
regulate body temperature
feel pain
distinguish the fat content of food
answer
maintain balance and body posture Explanation: The vestibular sense is the sense of movement and balance. It helps us to keep our balance and body posture. It also helps us to regulate our body temperature.
question
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.
absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
signal detection
just noticeable difference
answer
signal detection Explanation: Signal detection theory is the best explanation for Catherine's ability to find her son in a crowd. This theory posits that there is a certain level of stimulus that must be reached before a person can detect it. In this case, the noise of the crowd would be the background noise and Nick's voice would be the signal. Catherine is able to detect her son's voice because it is above the threshold for her to hear.
question
Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.
attention
sensation
peripherals
motivation
answer
motivation Explanation: Derek's motivation to win the student of the year award so badly affects his perception when the name of the award winner is announced. He is convinced that he hears his name, stands up, and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award.
question
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
lower; higher
higher; lower
longer; shorter
shorter; longer
answer
lower; higher Explanation: The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two crests of the wave. The frequency of a wave is the number of times per second that a crest of the wave passes a given point. So, longer wavelengths will have lower frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have higher frequencies.
question
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
mood
habit
attention
friendship
answer
attention Explanation: The role that mood plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived is illustrated by Sarit's example. Sarit is in a good mood at the bar, chatting and laughing with Mona. He is so engaged in the conversation that he tunes out all the background noise, including the music playing on the jukebox. Even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music, he doesn't know what song is playing because he wasn't paying attention to it.
question
How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?
Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.
Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology.
Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body.
Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics.
answer
Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.
question
What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory?
improving the accuracy of military codebreakers
improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips
detecting brain tumors
increasing typing speed for telephone operators
answer
improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips Explanation: Swets' signal detection theory was originally developed to improve the accuracy of military codebreakers. The theory posits that there is a certain level of noise or background information that can interfere with the ability to accurately detect a signal. By increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, the theory suggests that it is possible to improve the accuracy of detection.
question
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."
The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital."
The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological."
The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction."
The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."
answer
The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."
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