Physiology, Chpt. 16, 17, 18, 19

The intracellular event that stimulates the insertion of aquaporin-2 into the apical membranes of principal cells is driven by ________. A. guanylate cyclase B. sodium C. protein kinase C D. cGMP E. protein kinase A

Where is ADH released from? A. distal tubule B. posterior pituitary C. collecting duct D. pancreas E. anterior pituitary

The reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase is an irreversible reaction.

Carbaminohemoglobin is hemoglobin with carbon dioxide bound to it.

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the filtrate will always be ________. A. a higher osmolarity than the filtrate in the descending limb of the loop of Henle B. the same osmolarity as the filtrate in the descending limb of the loop of Henle C. of a lower osmolarity than the medullary interstitial fluid D. a higher osmolarity than the medullary interstitial fluid E. in equilibrium with the the medullary interstitial fluid

Which of the following increases oxygen unloading from hemoglobin? A. increased oxygen levels in the tissue B. decreased metabolism C. increased carbon dioxide in the tissue D. decreased temperature E. increased blood pH

Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood, whose concentration is regulated by the ________. A. heart B. liver C. lungs D. kidneys E. pancreas

Once produced, urine travels through the ________ until it reaches the bladder, from which it is released into the external environment through the ________. A. collecting duct : urethra B. renal hilus : ureter C. ureter : urethra D. urethra : ureter E. collecting duct : ureter

There is no secretion of water within the renal tubules.

When the blood becomes ________, it can lead to a depression in the activity of the central nervous system. A. hypoxic B. pH 7.4 C. acidic D. alkaline E. hypocapnic

Contraction of mesangial cells results in a ________, which decreases glomerular filtration. A. constriction of the afferent arterioles B. decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration C. increase in surface area of capillaries available for filtration D. dilation of the afferent arterioles E. dilation of the efferent arterioles

In both the proximal and distal tubules, the reabsorption of sodium involves the active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.

Lack of rehydration during exercise can lead to excessive loss of fluids through sweat. As water is lost and the osmolarity of fluids increases, which of the following events will most likely take place? A. Inhibition of release of ADH B. Increase in release of ADH C. Decrease in reabsorption of water D. Increase of urine output

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by what process? A. secondary active transport B. osmosis C. primary active transport D. simple diffusion E. facilitated diffusion

The juxtaglomerular apparatus describes the unique region of the nephron where ________. A. the afferent and efferent arterioles are in contact with the proximal tubule B. the efferent arteriole is in contact with the distal tubule C. the afferent arteriole is in contact with the distal tubule D. the afferent and efferent arterioles are in contact with the distal tubule E. the afferent arteriole is in contact with the proximal tubule

By the time filtrate reaches the loop of Henle, what percentage of the sodium and water has been reabsorbed? 90% 100% 50% 70% 1%

Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle? permeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters impermeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters impermeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters permeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters permeable to water in the presence of specific hormones

What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract? secondary bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles bronchi tertiary bronchioles

Which of the following is the inner region of the kidney, which is darker with a striped appearance? Nephrons Medulla Renal pelvis Cortex

Near the renal pelvis, the osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid is 300 mOsm.

Which of the following hormones is a steroid? aldosterone antidiuretic hormone angiotensin II calcitonin parathyroid hormone

Which of the following substances is NOT secreted at any point into the renal tubules? hydrogen creatinine sodium potassium choline

Blood leaves the ________ and enters the glomerulus. afferent arteriole Bowman's capsule efferent arteriole vasa recta peritubular capillary

In tubuloglomerular feedback, an increase in glomerular filtration rate would increase the ________, thereby stimulating the release of a paracrine factor from the macula densa that would ________. afferent arteriolar pressure : increase filtrate flow afferent arteriolar pressure : constrict the afferent arteriole flow of tubular fluid : constrict the afferent arteriole flow of tubular fluid : dilate the afferent arteriole flow of tubular fluid : constrict the efferent arteriole

What is the brush border? microvilli on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule tight junctions between epithelial cells of the distal tubule the epithelial cells of the renal corpuscle tight junctions between epithelial cells of the loops of Henle microvilli on the apical membrane of Bowman's capsule

All EXCEPT which of the following structures belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory tract? The epiglottis The alveoli Larynx The glottis

What type of cells secrete mucus in the respiratory tract? type I alveolar cells goblet cells ciliated cells type II alveolar cells macrophages

What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient? water urea potassium ions glucose sodium ions

Central chemoreceptors are neurons in the medulla that respond directly to changes in ________. cerebrospinal fluid pH blood pH cerebrospinal fluid PO2 blood pH and PO2 cerebrospinal fluid PO2 and pH

Which of the following correctly describes water movement across the epithelial cells lining the collecting duct? Which of the following correctly describes water movement across the epithelial cells lining the collecting duct? Water can permeate the lipid bilayer at all times. Water can permeate the basolateral membrane through aquaporin-2 and the apical membrane through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of aldosterone. Water can permeate the phospholipid bilayer only in the presence of aldosterone. Water can permeate the phospholipid bilayer only in the presence of ADH. Water can permeate the apical membrane through aquaporin-2 and the basolateral membrane through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of ADH.

The distal tubule functions as a mass absorber.

What is the approximate average value of the vital capacity? 1000 mL 1200 mL 3500 mL 4500 mL

At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins? 21 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 46 mm Hg 160 mm Hg

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs? Expiration Respiration Secondary ventilation Internal respiration Pulmonary ventilation

The hormone-induced increases in water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting ducts is mediated by a(n) ________. increase in paracellular permeability increase in aquaporin-2 activity increase in aquaporin-3 activity decrease in "tightness" of tight junctions decrease in paracellular permeability

The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is enhanced by an increase in the activity of the cardiac baroreceptors.

Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer? residual volume vital capacity inspiratory capacity tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume

What are the conical sections of the renal medulla called? major calyces renal pyramids renal cortex renal pelvis minor calyces

Which of the following is NOT a secondary function of the kidneys? Gluconeogenesis Production of renin Glycogenolysis Secretion of erythropoietin

What Starling force, which drives fluid out of the glomerulus, is relatively high (~60 mm Hg) due to the resistance of the efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration Glomerular capillary hydrostatic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic Glomerular oncotic Bowman's capsule oncotic