The intracellular event that stimulates the insertion of aquaporin-2 into the apical membranes of principal cells is driven by ________.
A. guanylate cyclase
B. sodium
C. protein kinase C
D. cGMP
E. protein kinase A
answer
E. Protein kinase A
question
Where is ADH released from?
A. distal tubule
B. posterior pituitary
C. collecting duct
D. pancreas
E. anterior pituitary
answer
B. Posterior pituitary
question
The reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase is an irreversible reaction.
answer
False
question
Carbaminohemoglobin is hemoglobin with carbon dioxide bound to it.
answer
True
question
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the filtrate will always be ________.
A. a higher osmolarity than the filtrate in the descending limb of the loop of Henle
B. the same osmolarity as the filtrate in the descending limb of the loop of Henle
C. of a lower osmolarity than the medullary interstitial fluid
D. a higher osmolarity than the medullary interstitial fluid
E. in equilibrium with the the medullary interstitial fluid
answer
C. of a lower osmolarity than the medullary interstitial fluid
question
Which of the following increases oxygen unloading from hemoglobin?
A. increased oxygen levels in the tissue
B. decreased metabolism
C. increased carbon dioxide in the tissue
D. decreased temperature
E. increased blood pH
answer
C. increased carbon dioxide in the tissue
question
Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood, whose concentration is regulated by the ________.
A. heart
B. liver
C. lungs
D. kidneys
E. pancreas
answer
D. kidneys
question
Once produced, urine travels through the ________ until it reaches the bladder, from which it is released into the external environment through the ________.
A. collecting duct : urethra
B. renal hilus : ureter
C. ureter : urethra
D. urethra : ureter
E. collecting duct : ureter
answer
C. ureter : urethra
question
There is no secretion of water within the renal tubules.
answer
True
question
When the blood becomes ________, it can lead to a depression in the activity of the central nervous system.
A. hypoxic
B. pH 7.4
C. acidic
D. alkaline
E. hypocapnic
answer
C. acidic
question
Contraction of mesangial cells results in a ________, which decreases glomerular filtration.
A. constriction of the afferent arterioles
B. decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration
C. increase in surface area of capillaries available for filtration
D. dilation of the afferent arterioles
E. dilation of the efferent arterioles
answer
B. decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration
question
In both the proximal and distal tubules, the reabsorption of sodium involves the active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.
answer
True
question
Lack of rehydration during exercise can lead to excessive loss of fluids through sweat. As water is lost and the osmolarity of fluids increases, which of the following events will most likely take place?
A. Inhibition of release of ADH
B. Increase in release of ADH
C. Decrease in reabsorption of water
D. Increase of urine output
answer
B. Increase in release of ADH
question
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by what process?
A. secondary active transport
B. osmosis
C. primary active transport
D. simple diffusion
E. facilitated diffusion
answer
D. simple diffusion
question
The juxtaglomerular apparatus describes the unique region of the nephron where ________.
A. the afferent and efferent arterioles are in contact with the proximal tubule
B. the efferent arteriole is in contact with the distal tubule
C. the afferent arteriole is in contact with the distal tubule
D. the afferent and efferent arterioles are in contact with the distal tubule
E. the afferent arteriole is in contact with the proximal tubule
answer
D. the afferent and efferent arterioles are in contact with the distal tubule
question
By the time filtrate reaches the loop of Henle, what percentage of the sodium and water has been reabsorbed?
90%
100%
50%
70%
1%
answer
70%
question
Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
permeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
impermeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
impermeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
permeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
permeable to water in the presence of specific hormones
answer
impermeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
question
What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract?
secondary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
bronchi
tertiary bronchioles
answer
terminal bronchioles
question
Which of the following is the inner region of the kidney, which is darker with a striped appearance?
Nephrons
Medulla
Renal pelvis
Cortex
answer
medulle
question
Near the renal pelvis, the osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid is 300 mOsm.
answer
False
question
Which of the following hormones is a steroid?
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
angiotensin II
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
answer
aldosterone
question
Which of the following substances is NOT secreted at any point into the renal tubules?
hydrogen
creatinine
sodium
potassium
choline
answer
sodium
question
Blood leaves the ________ and enters the glomerulus.
afferent arteriole
Bowman's capsule
efferent arteriole
vasa recta
peritubular capillary
answer
afferent arteriole
question
In tubuloglomerular feedback, an increase in glomerular filtration rate would increase the ________, thereby stimulating the release of a paracrine factor from the macula densa that would ________.
afferent arteriolar pressure : increase filtrate flow
afferent arteriolar pressure : constrict the afferent arteriole
flow of tubular fluid : constrict the afferent arteriole
flow of tubular fluid : dilate the afferent arteriole
flow of tubular fluid : constrict the efferent arteriole
answer
flow of tubular fluid : constrict the afferent arteriole
question
What is the brush border?
microvilli on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule
tight junctions between epithelial cells of the distal tubule
the epithelial cells of the renal corpuscle
tight junctions between epithelial cells of the loops of Henle
microvilli on the apical membrane of Bowman's capsule
answer
microvilli on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule
question
All EXCEPT which of the following structures belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
The epiglottis
The alveoli
Larynx
The glottis
answer
The alveoli
question
What type of cells secrete mucus in the respiratory tract?
type I alveolar cells
goblet cells
ciliated cells
type II alveolar cells
macrophages
answer
goblet cells
question
What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?
water
urea
potassium ions
glucose
sodium ions
answer
urea
question
Central chemoreceptors are neurons in the medulla that respond directly to changes in ________.
cerebrospinal fluid pH
blood pH
cerebrospinal fluid PO2
blood pH and PO2
cerebrospinal fluid PO2 and pH
answer
cerebrospinal fluid pH
question
Which of the following correctly describes water movement across the epithelial cells lining the collecting duct?
Which of the following correctly describes water movement across the epithelial cells lining the collecting duct?
Water can permeate the lipid bilayer at all times.
Water can permeate the basolateral membrane through aquaporin-2 and the apical membrane through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of aldosterone.
Water can permeate the phospholipid bilayer only in the presence of aldosterone.
Water can permeate the phospholipid bilayer only in the presence of ADH.
Water can permeate the apical membrane through aquaporin-2 and the basolateral membrane through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of ADH.
answer
Water can permeate the apical membrane through aquaporin-2 and the basolateral membrane through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of ADH.
question
The distal tubule functions as a mass absorber.
answer
False
question
What is the approximate average value of the vital capacity?
1000 mL
1200 mL
3500 mL
4500 mL
answer
4500 mL
question
At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins?
21 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
46 mm Hg
160 mm Hg
answer
40 mm Hg
question
Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
Expiration
Respiration
Secondary ventilation
Internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
answer
Pulmonary ventilation
question
The hormone-induced increases in water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting ducts is mediated by a(n) ________.
increase in paracellular permeability
increase in aquaporin-2 activity
increase in aquaporin-3 activity
decrease in "tightness" of tight junctions
decrease in paracellular permeability
answer
increase in aquaporin-2 activity
question
The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is enhanced by an increase in the activity of the cardiac baroreceptors.
answer
False
question
Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer?
residual volume
vital capacity
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
answer
residual volume
question
What are the conical sections of the renal medulla called?
major calyces
renal pyramids
renal cortex
renal pelvis
minor calyces
answer
renal pyramids
question
Which of the following is NOT a secondary function of the kidneys?
Gluconeogenesis
Production of renin
Glycogenolysis
Secretion of erythropoietin
answer
Glycogenolysis
question
What Starling force, which drives fluid out of the glomerulus, is relatively high (~60 mm Hg) due to the resistance of the efferent arterioles.
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic
Glomerular oncotic
Bowman's capsule oncotic
answer
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic
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