wide range of electrical phenomena that (in one form or another) underlie everything around us.
Lightning, match strike spark, bonds between atoms, molecules
question
Why does the gravitational force between Earth and Moon predominate over electrical forces?
answer
The electric force between Earth and Moon cancels out because they have an equal number of positive and negative charges.
question
Which part of an atom is positively charged, and which part is negatively charged?
answer
The nucleus is positively charged and the electron cloud is negatively charged.
question
How does the charge of one electron compare to that of another electron? How does it compare with the charge of a proton? How do the masses of protons and electrons compare?
answer
All electrons have the same charge. Electron charge is equal and opposite to the proton charge. A proton has 1800 times the mass of an electron.
question
What is the most common net charge of an atom?
answer
Neutral
Atoms usually have as many electrons as protons, so the atom has a zero net charge.
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What is a positive ion? What is a negative ion?
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A positive ion is a neutral atom that has lost one or more electrons. A negative ion is a neutral atom that has gained one or more electrons.
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What is meant by conservation of charge?
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Net charge cannot be created or destroyed.
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What is meant by saying that charge is quantized?
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All charged objects have a charge that is an integer multiple of the charge of an electron.
There is no smaller units of charge (than one electron/proton) observed!
question
Which particle has exactly one quantum unit of charge?
answer
Proton
or electron
question
How does one coulomb of charge compare with the charge of a single electron?
answer
1 C is associated with 6.25 × 1018 electrons. That's *6.25 billion billion* electrons!
question
How is Coulomb's law similar to Newton's law of gravitation? How is it different?
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Newton's law of gravitation is attractive, whereas Coulomb's law is attractive or repulsive. Both are proportional to the inverse square of distance.
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Why are metals good conductors of both heat and electricity?
answer
The outer shell electrons in metals are free to move from atom to atom.
"loose" outer shell e-
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Why are materials such as glass and rubber good insulators?
answer
Electrons are tightly bound to their atoms, making them poor conductors of heat.
The outer electrons belong to particular atoms.
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How does a semiconductor differ from a conductor or an insulator?
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A semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator - it has a middle range of resistivity.
fair insulator in pure crystalline form, excellent conductor when e- added or removed
question
What is a transistor composed of, and what are some of its functions?
answer
A transistor is made of thin layers of semiconducting materials sandwiched together. It can be a switch, an oscillator, or an amplifier.
Behaves as both conductor and insulator (thus on/off switch, up/down amplifier)
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How does the flow of current differ in a superconductor compared with the flow in ordinary conductors?
answer
ordinary conductors have a small resistance to the flow of electric charge, but Superconductors have infinite conductivity (current flows forever)
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What happens to electrons in any charging process?
answer
Electrons transfer from one place to another.
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What kind of charging occurs when you slide your body across a plastic surface?
answer
Charging by friction occurs. Electrons are transferred when one object rubs against another.
*same with socks on carpet!
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What kind of charging occurs during thunderstorms?
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Ice crystals are charged by friction and the ground is charged by induction.
as warm water vapor rises in the air, it brushes against ice crystals high in the air above, producing a charge (friction).
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What is the primary purpose of a lightning rod?
answer
To prevent a fire caused by lightning. If sufficient charge does not leak from air to rod, charge will attract to the rod and direct to the ground instead of building.
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In terms of net charge, how does an electrically polarized object differ from an electrically charged object?
answer
An electrically polarized object can have zero net charge, while a charged object cannot have zero net charge.
Polarized: one side of atom is more +, other side is more -.
Charged: entire atom is either + or - charged.
question
What is an electric dipole?
answer
In an electric dipole, positive and negative charges are separated on opposite sides of an object.
Distribution of electric charge is not perfectly even.
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Which molecule is an example of a common electric dipole?
answer
water molecules!
question
Give two examples of common force fields and name the sources of these fields.
answer
Gravity fields made by mass, electric fields made by charge
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How is the direction of an electric field defined?
answer
The direction of the field is the direction of the force on a positive test charge.
question
Why is there no electric field at the center of a charged spherical metal ball?
answer
Because of mutual repulsion, mobile electrons in the conductor will spread out uniformly over the outer surface of the ball, so the force and the field on a test charge at the center is zero because opposing forces balance in every direction.
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When charges mutually repel and distribute themselves on the surface of conductors, what becomes of the electric field inside the conductor?
answer
The charges arrange themselves to make the field inside the conductor zero.
ex.) in sphere, in car
question
How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge that flows through a 1.5-V battery?
answer
1.5 joules
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
question
A balloon may easily be charged to several thousand volts. Does that mean it has several thousand joules of energy? Explain.
answer
No. Energy is voltage times charge, so you need a coulomb of charge to get several thousand joules of energy.
Difference between electric potential energy and electric potential.
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Where is the energy stored in a capacitor?
answer
The energy is stored in the electric field between the plates.
(figure 22.26)
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Why is charge usually transferred by electrons rather than by protons?
answer
the electrons move around the neucles in which the protons and neutrons are bounded by the strong neuclear force. e-s which are faraway from necucles are free from electrosatic attraction of the necucles moreover due to less mass they feel high acceleration for same force ....... hence only these e-s are able to move and conduct
question
How can you charge an object negatively with only the help of a positively charged object?
answer
Place a strong positive charge close to, but do not touch the object to be charged. This pushes the negative charges to the other side of the object. Connect a wire(that is connected to the ground) to the object. The negative charges(electrons) will flow out of the object into the ground. Disconnect the wire. The object is positively charged.
question
The proportionality constant k in Coulomb's law is huge in ordinary units, whereas the proportionality constant G in Newton's law of gravitation is tiny. What does this indicate about the relative strengths of these two forces?
answer
Coulomb's force is much 'stronger' than Gravitation.
If 2 objects are repelled from each other due to electrical repulsion, they would have to be VERY massive (in relation to the small electric potential causing the repulsion) in order for the Gravitational force to cancel out the Coulomb force.
question
Imagine a proton at rest a certain distance from a negatively charged plate. It is released and collides with the plate. Then imagine the similar case of an electron at rest the same distance away from a positively charged plate. In which case will the moving particle have the greater speed when the collision occurs? Why?
answer
Because a proton has A LOT more mass than an electron. Newton's law F=ma indicates acceleration is related to the mass of the object having the force exerted on it. Since the force is the same in both cases, the acceleration must be lower for the proton because it's mass is higher. I'll show an example where the numbers are no where near real, but it will show the relationship:
Proton:
F=100 m=20
therefore, a = 5
Electron
F=100 m=5
therefore a=20
Notice how (m) times (a) must equal the same value in both cases? That's what's causing the electron to move so much faster, because it's so much less massive.
question
Why is it safe to remain inside a car during a lightning storm?
answer
It's because you are pretty much completely enclosed by a conducting shell formed by the car body. It's called a "Faraday cage."
The electric field inside a conducting shell is zero no matter what goes on outside. When there are holes in the shell (as for the car windows) then the field isn't exactly zero but it is greatly reduced from the outside value.
This is related to the shielding effect of the metal full of holes in a microwave oven door. The charge spreads out over the roof surface.
As long as you do not touch the roof! There is still a small charge that will hit the car.
question
Why is it dangerous to touch the terminals of a high-voltage capacitor even after the charging circuit is turned off?
answer
A capacitor is used to store charge. It does this by the means of an electrochemical reaction. After the charging circuit is turned off, this charge - if not discharged by any means - is still present in the capacitor. High-Voltage capacitors can amass sufficient current for it to be lethal at said voltage, and they can deliver all of it at the slightest contact.
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