Nutrition Chapter 15

1) An adequate consumption of fats, especially AA and DHA, during the toddler years is especially important for the development of which system? A) digestive B) nervous C) skeletal D) cardiovascular

2) Inadequate consumption of which of the following causes the most common nutrient deficiency in young children? A) calcium B) iron C) folate D) vitamin C

3) Which of the following would be the BEST source of dietary calcium for a young toddler?A) nonfat milk B) reduced-fat milk C) whole milk D) chocolate milk

4) For proper growth and development, toddlers should consume what percentage of their total daily energy intake as fat? A) 20 to 30 percent B) 30 to 40 percent C) 40 to 50 percent D) 50 to 60 percent

5) Which of the following statements about feeding toddlers is TRUE? A) Because toddlers are adventurous eaters, you should introduce them to two or three new foods at a time. B) Because toddlers have more mature reflexes than infants and typically have most or all of their teeth, it is safe to give them "choking foods" such as grapes and nuts. C) Because toddlers have a small stomach, you should avoid giving them snacks to ensure they are hungry at mealtimes. D) If a toddler tastes an unfamiliar food and then refuses to eat the rest of it, you should praise the toddler for at least trying.

6) Which of the following snacks is appropriate for toddlers? A) 2 tablespoons of mashed banana and 1/2 cup of whole milk B) two cherry tomatoes and a cheese stick C) a snack-size bag of trail mix made with oats, raisins, and almonds D) six small strawberries and 6 ounces of nonfat yogurt

7) In classifying children's weight, the CDC refers to a BMI greater than or equal to 40 as A) overweight. B) class 1 obesity. C) class 2 obesity. D) class 3 obesity.

8) The CDC defines class 2 obesity in children as having a BMI-for-age at or above what percentile? A) 85th B) 95th C) 120% of the 95th D) 140% of the 95th

9) The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends the intake of fruit juice be limited to a maximum of how many fluid ounces per day for children 1 to 6 years of age? A) 3 B) 6 C) 8 D) 16

10) Which of the following is NOT a strategy to help toddlers develop healthy eating habits? A) Prepare and serve foods in fun ways. B) Provide small portion sizes. C) Reward meal completion with dessert. D) Include toddlers in food shopping and preparation.

11) The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act does NOT require that school lunch programs A) offer daily fruits and vegetables. B) offer whole milk to all students. C) avoid refined-grain foods. D) reduce sodium and saturated and trans fats.

12) Which of the following is associated with behavioral and learning problems in school-aged children? A) hunger B) overweight C) sugary snacks D) trans fats

13) Because they are still growing and developing, children need to consume a diet providing at least what percentage of total energy from fat? A) 15% of total energy B) 25% of total energy C) 35% of total energy D) 45% of total energy

14) Janie is three years old. What serving size of mashed pinto beans would you recommend for her? A) 2 tablespoons B) 3 tablespoons C) 4 tablespoons D) 5 tablespoons

15) Which of the following is NOT an appropriate weight control recommendation for an overweight 11-year-old? A) Exercise for at least one hour a day. B) Engage in noncompetitive physical activities. C) Limit access to sugary drinks. D) Place the child on a medically approved very low-energy diet.

16) Which of the following would NOT minimize the risk of dental caries? A) having regular dental visits from age 3 on B) calcium supplementation C) limiting consumption of sticky sweets D) frequent brushing

17) Growth acceleration in adolescence is primarily driven by A) increased physical activity. B) increased energy intake. C) hormonal changes. D) changes in muscle composition

18) What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy tooth formation? A) fluoride B) sodium C) vitamin D D) zinc

19) During adolescence, girls and boys gain an average of A) 5 and 15 pounds, respectively. B) 15 and 25 pounds, respectively. C) 25 and 35 pounds, respectively. D) 35 and 45 pounds, respectively.

20) The RDA for protein for adolescents is A) 0.8 g/kg of body weight, the same as for adults. B) 0.85 g/kg of body weight, slightly higher than the RDA for adults. C) 1.0 g/kg of body weight, significantly higher than the RDA for adults. D) There is no RDA for protein.

21) The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called the A) cortical plate. B) trabecular plate. C) osteoid plate. D) epiphyseal plate.

22) Which of the following statements about pediatric obesity is TRUE? A) About 45% of obese children maintain their higher weight as adults. B) Because early intervention is not typically effective against pediatric obesity, pediatricians recommend delaying intervention until early to mid-adolescence. C) About 17% of U.S. children and adolescents age 2 to 19 years are classified as obese. D) The prevalence of class 1, 2, and 3 obesity has declined modestly over the past decade.

23) Which of the following correctly describes "milk displacement"? A) the self-weaning of a toddler from breast milk B) the refusal by a toddler to accept cow's milk in place of breast milk C) the selection of milk alternatives (e.g., calcium-fortified soymilk, almond milk, etc.) in place of milk D) the selection of sugary drinks in place of milk

24) Which of the following is associated with the premature closure of the epiphyseal plate? A) malnutrition B) excessive calcium intake C) obesity D) inadequate physical activity

25) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescent eating habits? A) low intake of fruits and vegetables B) preference for fast food and convenience foods C) regular consumption of three meals per day D) increasing independence in decision-making concerning food

26) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the high iron needs of adolescents? A) Muscle mass increases in boys. B) Blood volume increases in boys. C) Iron, in girls, is lost because of menstruation. D) The body's iron utilization slows.

27) Adolescent acne is primarily caused by A) eating fatty foods. B) hormonal changes. C) stress. D) poor hygiene.

28) Among adolescents, smoking can A) reduce the rate of lung growth. B) greatly increase the risk of being involved in a motor vehicle accident. C) cause "the munchies" and lead to significant weight gain. D) facilitate nutrient metabolism.

29) Which of the following is NOT usually a strong influence on adolescent food patterns? A) peers B) personal food preferences C) parents D) their own sense of what foods comprise a healthful, adequate diet

30) Some studies have found a reduced risk for acne among people consuming A) a Mediterranean diet. B) a high-glycemic load diet. C) a diet rich in dairy foods, especially milk and cheese. D) a gluten-free diet.

31) The fastest-growing age subgroup in the United States today is A) children under age 2. B) young adults. C) people in their 40s. D) people 85 years of age and older.

32) Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that typically occurs as a person ages? A) decreased lean body mass B) decreased bone density C) shift in body fat storage from visceral to subcutaneous tissues D) impaired sense of taste

33) Which nutrient deficiency can contribute to a decreased sense of smell? A) zinc B) iron C) vitamin D D) protein

34) A reduced secretion of hydrochloric acid often seen in older adults can result in a(n) A) reduced absorption of calcium. B) increased absorption of vitamin C. C) reduced absorption of potassium. D) increased absorption of vitamin B12.

35) Which of the following statements regarding supplements for elderly individuals is TRUE? A) Older adults have an increased need for dietary fiber to promote regular bowel function; therefore, it is recommended that they consume a fiber supplement. B) Older adults who do not receive regular and adequate exposure to sunshine may benefit from taking a vitamin D supplement. C) Supplemental vitamins C and E are critical for reducing oxidative stress. D) Calcium requirements are higher for adults over age 70 than for any other age group.

36) In older adults, which of the following is a mineral important to a healthy immune system and wound healing? A) calcium B) vitamin C C) vitamin A D) zinc

37) The body's need for which of the following micronutrients decreases with age? A) calcium B) vitamin D C) iron D) vitamin C

38) Which of the following does NOT contribute to chronic dehydration in elderly individuals? A) Kidney function changes with advancing age. B) The thirst mechanism can be impaired in the elderly. C) Perspiration increases as we age. D) Some older adults limit their fluid intake because they have urinary incontinence.

39) Which of the following is characteristic of the Nutrition Services Incentive Program? A) funds nutritious meals served at senior centers B) provides USDA commodity foods to state agencies for distribution C) funds coupons for low-income seniors to use to purchase fruits and vegetables at farmers markets and roadside stands D) provides home-delivered meals for qualified elders

40) On average, Americans have a life expectancy that extends into the A) early seventies. B) late seventies. C) early eighties. D) late eighties.

41) The absorption of which vitamin increases in older adults? A) A B) B12 C) C D) D

42) The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that children be very active for at LEAST A) 15 minutes a day. B) 30 minutes a day. C) 1 hour a day. D) 2 hours a day.

43) Which of the following is TRUE about federally funded school lunch programs in the United States? A) Meals for all students are subsidized. B) Vending machines on school campuses are exempt from specific nutrient guidelines. C) The School Breakfast Program is not part of the federal program. D) Less than half of public schools participate.

44) Which of the following is LEAST likely to be necessary to increase in a toddler's vegan diet? A) fiber B) zinc C) iron D) vitamin B12

45) The period of life when secondary sex characteristics develop and people are able to reproduce is called A) menopause. B) puberty. C) the epiphyseal stage. D) the growth spurt.

46) Which of the following is an appropriate treatment for adolescent acne? A) 13-cis-retinoic acid B) exposure to UV rays via sunlight or tanning beds for at least 40 minutes a day C) avoidance of chocolate and fried foods D) vitamin A supplements

47) About how many American children experience food insecurity and hunger? A) 60,000 B) 600,000 C) 1.6 million D) 16 million

48) The RDA for carbohydrate from toddlerhood through older adulthood is how many grams per day? A) 10 B) 95 C) 130 D) 250

49) Previously known as the Food Stamp program, the new name for the USDA program that provides food assistance to families facing food insecurity is the A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program. B) Nutrition Services Incentive Program. C) Child and Adult Care Program. D) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

50) Nearly 40% of U.S. older adults A) engage in polypharmacy. B) meet federal guidelines for aerobic and muscle-training activities. C) are centenarians. D) experience food insecurity.

51) An elevated level of blood sodium is called A) hyponatremia. B) hypernatremia. C) hypokalemia. D) hyperkalemia.

52) Which of the following BEST characterizes macular degeneration? A) cloudiness of the lens of the eye B) affects 70% of U.S. adults in their 80s C) manifests as a loss of central vision D) can be prevented by taking vision-enhancing supplements

53) Which of the following will increase the risk of exercise-related cardiac events in older adults? A) careful evaluation by a health care provider B) familiarity with signs of cardiac impairment (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain) C) supervised warm-up and cool-down activities D) vigorous exercise only on the weekends

54) By following federal standards, school meals improve A) improve the quality of foods available to children. B) improve children's food choices. C) improve children's diet. D) improve children's overall health.

55) In toddlers, a high-fiber diet can A) prevent constipation. B) result in vitamin B12 deficiency. C) enhance the absorption of iron and zinc. D) induce a too-rapid sense of fullness.

56) Which of the following is NOT an effect of the decline in salivary production in older adults? A) reduction in taste perception B) increased perception of salty and bitter tastes C) increase in tooth decay D) increased difficulty swallowing

57) A stroke or Parkinson's disease can impair the nutritional status of older adults by causing A) dysphagia. B) dysgeusia. C) a decline in intrinsic factor. D) metabolic syndrome.

58) On average, a male age 65 needs how many fewer Calories per day than he needed when he was 35? A) 90 fewer B) 150 fewer C) 210 fewer D) 300 fewer

59) Which of the following would be MOST effective to reduce the risks of falls in older adults? A) daily tai chi B) running once a week C) jogging a 5K race once a month D) snow shoveling, raking, and other outdoor maintenance activities as needed

60) According to the MyPlate Daily Food Plan, preschoolers age 4 and 5 need about A) 1/2 cup of fruits per day. B) 1 cup of dairy per day. C) 1-1/2 to 2 cups of vegetables per day. D) 8 ounces of protein per day.

1) As compared to infancy, growth rates increase during the toddler years.

2) Parents often do need to force their children to eat healthful foods.

3) Multivitamin/mineral supplements should never be given to toddlers.

4) Limiting sugary drinks in children's diets is important only once their permanent teeth have erupted.

5) Because of iron loss during menstruation, adolescent girls require more iron than do adolescent boys.

6) The adolescent growth spurt starts earlier in boys than in girls.

7) Girls gain more body fat through adolescence than do boys.

8) The nutrient needs of young boys and girls do not differ until about the age of 8 or 9 years.

9) The fluid needs of adolescents are higher than those of children.

10) Eating disorders do not occur in adolescent boys.

11) The RDA for calcium intake for adolescents age 14 to 18 is 1,300 mg/day.

12) An adolescent's need for vitamin A can be met by consuming 5 or more servings of dark green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables a day.

13) The energy needs of older adults are higher than those of younger adults.

14) Gerontologists coined the term "nine Ds" for the factors that most commonly contribute to age-related dementia.

15) Reduced-fat milk should not be given to children until the age of 2.

16) The key macronutrient for the development of the nervous system during the toddler years is carbohydrate.

17) Toddlers need a higher amount of protein per kg body weight than older children.

18) Childhood overweight and obesity are defined by determining a child's fat composition.

19) Added to municipal water supplies or taken as a supplement, chlorine will help prevent the development of dental caries.

20) Recent data from the CDC indicates that over half of the "young elderly" report participating in a regular program of vigorous activity.

21) Alcohol has no adverse nutritional effects on adolescents.

22) Nearly all older adults can derive the level of vitamin B12 they need from a balanced diet of whole, unprocessed foods.

23) Calcium supplements decrease the absorption of antibiotics and reduce their effectiveness.

24) The rate of obesity is higher among adults age 75 and over than among adults age 65 to 74.

25) Smoking increases the risk for cataracts.

1) Which of the following is an established effect of Calorie restriction (CR)? A) CR reduces metabolic rate and in turn the production of free radicals. B) CR significantly reduces the risk for age-related cognitive decline. C) CR causes marked improvement in bone density. D) CR results in increased energy expenditure.

2) To gain up to 5 years of healthy living, people following Calorie restriction must A) begin in early childhood. B) practice it at least every other day. C) restrict their energy intake by at least 20%. D) consume a vegan diet.

3) A drawback of Calorie restriction is that A) it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. B) it may result in infertility. C) many people who follow it complain of frequently feeling hot. D) it is not thought to be effective in women.

4) The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to A) consume 1,000 or fewer Calories per day. B) consume a low-Calorie, nutrient-dense diet. C) exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer Calories than usual. D) join a support group. Answer: B

5) Research studies indicate that consuming which of the following supplements can cause gastrointestinal upset? A) ginger B) ginseng C) ginkgo D) melatonin

6) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which of the following health habits does NOT promote increased longevity? A) never smoking B) restricting sleep to no more than 7 hours a night C) engaging in adequate amounts of regular physical activity D) maintaining a healthful weight and body composition

7) Which of the following statements about anti-aging micronutrient supplements is TRUE? A) No clinical trials of anti-aging supplements have yet been conducted. B) Some studies have found an increased risk of mortality among people taking vitamin A or vitamin E supplements. C) The anti-aging market enjoys nearly $1 billion in global sales. D) A limited number of research trials has shown anti-aging micronutrient supplements to be effective in reducing cognitive decline and maintaining muscle and bone mass.

8) Intermittent fasting (IF) involves A) reducing one's average energy intake. B) avoiding all empty-Calorie foods every other day. C) consuming no Calories at least one day of each week. D) altering one's pattern of food intake.

9) What does research suggest about regular physical activity's effect on the life span? A) To prolong life span, physical activity must be performed at least four times a week in sessions lasting at least 45 minutes, at a high intensity. B) Consuming a healthful diet while engaging in regular physical activity can reduce oxidative stress without the need for Calorie restriction. C) People genetically predisposed toward a lean body type live longer even if they eat poorly and fail to engage in regular physical activity. D) Exercise increases the risks for osteoporosis and fractures, reducing life span.

10) Which of the following has been linked to human growth hormone (HGH) supplements? A) joint and muscle pain B) increased longevity C) lower blood cholesterol levels D) reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes

11) Chronic disease is responsible for what rate of deaths among Americans? A) one in ten B) three in ten C) five in ten D) seven in ten

12) Which of the following would LEAST likely be included in a longevity calculator? A) level of physical activity and weight status B) sleep quality and duration C) alcohol, drug, and tobacco use D) use of anti-aging supplements

1) Maintaining an energy-restricted diet that is high in nutrients requires significant planning and preparation of most of your own meals.

2) Calorie restriction is defined as consuming 1,000 or fewer Calories per day.

3) The research suggesting that Calorie restriction can improve human health and extend the human life span is preliminary.

4) An evaluation of the impact of Calorie restriction on health indicates that it is the energy content of the diet and NOT the nutrient content that is critical to prolong life.

5) Research suggests that intermittent fasting and alternate-day fasting produce beneficial metabolic changes similar to those of Calorie restriction.

6) Most of the members of the Caloric Restriction Society and the CRONies are males.

7) Antioxidant supplements have consistently been shown to lower rates of death from heart disease and certain types of cancer.

8) Antioxidant supplements have not been shown to slow aging and may actually be harmful.

9) Even without Calorie restriction, vegan diets have been shown to improve an individual's metabolic profile.

10) If you want to live a longer, healthier life, the CDC recommends consuming a gluten-free diet.