Nutrition Chapter 14-16

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the A) ovum. B) umbilicus. C) placenta. D) embryo.

If a child is born prematurely during the third trimester A) the child will have minimal nutritional problems. B) the child may have problems sucking and swallowing. C) the child will almost always die. D) the infant will maintain adequate mineral and fat stores.

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, an average of ______ extra kcalories per day are needed. A) 150 - 250 B) 250 - 350 C) 350 - 450 D) 450 - 550

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ______ pounds. A) 1 to 3 B) 2 to 4 C) 5 to 9 D) 10 to 14

The total weight gain goal of a desirable-weight pregnant woman is how many pounds? A) 10 to 15 B) 15 to 25 C) 25 to 35 D) 28 to 40

Which of the following is true about protein intake during pregnancy? A) The RDA for protein increases by about 25 grams per day over that for the nonpregnant state. B) Women probably do not get enough protein in typical diets to meet their total needs for pregnancy. C) The RDA for protein increases by about 10 to 15 grams per day. D) The RDA for protein increases by about 5 to 10 grams per day.

Vitamin needs generally increase during pregnancy, especially for A) folate. B) iron. C) vitamin D. D) pantothenic acid.

he hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) estrogen. D) progesterone.

Which of the following is true about lactation? A) Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed. B) The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk. C) Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts. D) The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Which of the following is not true about the let-down reflex? A) It is needed to make milk available to the infant. B) It can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension. C) It is triggered by the release of the hormone estrogen. D) After a few weeks of lactation, it becomes automatic.

During each feeding, human milk changes composition in which of the following ways? A) carbohydrate increases B) fat increases C) minerals decrease D) protein decreases

What is the name of the high energy compound that cells use directly to fuel other chemical reactions? A) Adenosine triphosphate B) Glucose C) Amino acids D) Fatty acids

ATP and phosphocreatine are major energy sources for events lasting how long? A) 1 minute B) 5 minutes C) 10 minutes D) 30 minutes

The conversion of glucose to lactic acid is called A) aerobic glucose breakdown. B) anaerobic glucose breakdown. C) aerobic glycogen breakdown. D) anaerobic glycogen breakdown.

The difference between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis is A) aerobic glucose breakdown uses amino acids, anaerobic does not. B) the end product of aerobic glucose breakdown is lactic acid; the end products of anaerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water. C) the end products of aerobic glucose breakdown are carbon dioxide and water; the end product of anaerobic glucose breakdown is lactic acid. D) anaerobic glucose breakdown uses oxygen, aerobic does not.

Anaerobic glucose breakdown provides most of the energy for sports activities lasting A) 10 seconds. B) up to 30 seconds. C) 30 seconds to 2 minutes. D) up to 5 minutes.

Neil is a football player. We can tell whether he is getting enough kcalories by all the following except A) determining his body fat level. B) seeing if his body fat is about 5 percent to 18 percent. C) monitoring weight changes on a weekly basis. D) weighing him before and after football practice.

If an athlete's body fat level is too high, what is the best weight loss approach? A) Follow an 800 kcalorie eating plan. B) Wear a rubber suit to sweat off extra weight. C) Eat about 200 to 500 kcalories less per day. D) Restrict dietary carbohydrates.

Athletes who consume adequate carbohydrate promote all of the following except A) reducing the risk of chronic fatigue. B) loading the liver with adequate glycogen stores. C) increases in body fat levels. D) loading the muscles with adequate glycogen stores.

Carbohydrate loading A) involves loading up on carbohydrate-laden foods the day before an endurance event. B) involves little exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet the first 3 days, followed by heavy exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet right before competition. C) involves a tapering in the intensity of workouts with a corresponding increase in the percentage of carbohydrate intake. D) does not increase glycogen stores to any significant degree.

A 120-pound woman is attempting to be a bodybuilder so she would like to gain large quantities of muscle mass. Her daily protein intake should be how many grams? A) 32 to 59 B) 65 to 87 C) 82 to 93 D) 44 to 81

Which of the following is true about the protein intake for athletes? A) Most athletes must take protein supplements to get enough protein. B) Bodybuilders need more protein than endurance athletes. C) Amino acid supplements are a better way to deliver amino acids because they do not need to be digested. D) Most athletes eating a variety of foods will easily meet their protein needs.

If a woman athlete is not menstruating regularly, she should do all the following except A) exercise more intensely. B) increase her kcalorie intake. C) get adequate calcium in the diet. D) have her body fat percentage checked.

A pre-event meal should A) be eaten 1 hour before the event. B) contain at least 600 kcalories. C) be low in fat and fiber, high in carbohydrate and moderate in protein. D) be high in fat to prevent hunger.

The best way to determine how much fluid must be replaced as a result of a workout is to A) weigh before and after the workout. B) rely on thirst. C) drink various amounts of fluid during the workout and see how much makes you feel best. D) estimate how much you sweated.

For every pound lost during a workout, cup(s) of water should be consumed during or after exercise. A) 1/2 B) 1 C) 1.75 D) 3

Which of the following does not have an ergogenic effect according to your text? A) Growth hormone B) Carnitine C) Anabolic steroids D) Blood doping

Anabolic steroid use may cause all of the following side effects except A) stunting growth in teenage athletes. B) cardiovascular disease. C) body fat loss. D) "roid rage" (extreme mood swings).

A regular physical activity program should include all the following except A) a warmup. B) a frequency of 2 times per week. C) a heart rate of 60 percent to 70 percent of maximum. D) at least 20 to 30 minutes duration.

The use of sports drinks is critical for activities lasting A) 5 to 60 seconds. B) 1 to 5 minutes. C) 30 minutes. D) 60 to 90 minutes.

Anorexia nervosa sufferers A) tend to be between 25 and 35 years of age. B) tend to be adolescent and early adult girls. C) lack denial of their disease. D) see themselves as thin even though they are fat.

Criteria for diagnosing bulimia nervosa includes all the following except A) overconcern with body shape and weight. B) purposely eats large quantities of food and feels tremendous control in doing it. C) uses purging techniques like self-induced vomiting. D) two binge eating episodes per week for at least 3 months.

Which characteristic is more indicative of bulimia than anorexia nervosa? A) Rigid, disciplined dieting B) Feeling a sense of power because of strict discipline and self-denial C) Lack of impulse control D) Lack of menstruation

All of the following are true of an anorexic person who falls below 75 percent of normal body weight except A) hospitalization is almost always necessary. B) cure becomes very difficult. C) premature death is likely. D) loss of menstrual period becomes irreversible.

Night eating syndrome is characterized by evening hyperphagia which is defined as A) eating all of total daily calories after the evening meal. B) eating one-half of total daily calories after the evening meal. C) eating one-half of total daily calories at the evening meal. D) eating more than one-third of total daily calories after the evening meal.

Anorexia nervosa is defined as A) hyperactivity. B) compulsive eating. C) purging, including laxatives and diuretics. D) psychological denial of appetite.

What is the name of the condition characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis? A) Female anorexia B) Female bulimia C) Female athlete triad D) Binge eating disorder

The incidence of anorexia nervosa is highest in A) adolescent males from middle and high socioeconomic classes. B) adolescent females from middle and upper socioeconomic classes. C) adolescent males from low-income classes. D) preteen females from low-income classes.

At later stages in anorexia development, anorexics A) do not feel hungry. B) abstain from beverages and food. C) eat 1,200 to 1,500 kcalories per day. D) eat 300 to 600 kcalories per day.

The slower basal metabolism that accompanies anorexia nervosa is caused by A) decreased synthesis of growth hormone. B) decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone. C) low intake of iron. D) hypoglycemia.

Loss of menstrual periods associated with anorexia nervosa is caused by A) low body fat content. B) loss of lean body mass. C) low thyroid hormone synthesis. D) lanugo.

What percentage of all pregnancies are unplanned?

13-14 weeks of pregnancy Rapid increase in cell number and size Nutritional deficiency or toxicity Can be harmful to embryo Medication, radiation, trauma Can be harmful to embryo

what % of miscarry

Fetus begins to look more like an infant Still susceptible to toxin exposure Preparation for lactation Increase of 2 - 4 lb. in breast tissue Deposit of fat tissue Nutritional deficiency at this time affects mother's ability to breastfeed

Rapid growth 2X length 2X-3X weight Transfer of fat, calcium, and iron to fetus during the last month Iron Fetus may deplete mother's store of iron if intake is low

Less than 5.5 pounds at birth Usually due to preterm births Increased medical costs Small for gestational age Full-term babies Low birth weight More likely to have medical complications

Prenatal care Maternal age Closely spaced and multiple births Smoking, medication and drug abuse Food safety Nutritional status ( healthy, not healthy person)

Found in unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses made from raw milk, raw cabbage Causes flu-like symptoms 7 to 30 days after exposure May contribute to spontaneous abortion Recommend pasteurized milk, thoroughly cooked meats, fish, and poultry

First trimester

2nd and 3rd Trimester

weight gain during 1st trimester

Healthy women should get ____minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity

Additional 25 gm/day Many (non-pregnant) women already consume recommended amount

Prevent ketosis 175 gm/day Most women exceed this amount

Recommendations 20-30% of total calories from fat 7% or less from saturated fat 1% or less from trans fat Omega-6 and omega-3 Required for fetal growth, brain and eye development 13 g/day Omega-6 1.4 g/day Omega-3

Folate

Possible effects of iron-deficiency anemia

Iron needs

Relaxation of the intestinal muscle Fetus competes with the GI for space

Fluid

Fiber

Straining during elimination A result of constipation

Placental hormone causes body tissue to retain fluid Increase in blood volume Some swelling is normal Salt restriction and/or diuretics not needed for mild edema Only a problem if accompanied by hypertension and protein in urine

morning sickness 70-80% in

Gestational Diabetes

Breastfeed for at least

___% of all mothers breastfeed in the hospital

Breastfeeding

Fore milk

Hind milk

Prevention of neural tube defects Periconceptional period Fortified grain products Woman of childbearing years need 400 micrograms/day

Low iodide during

Causes physical and mental impairment

Antioxidants

Vitamin A

Avoid how many cups of Coffee

Medication, radiation, trauma

According to present day growth charts, an infant will double his or her birth weight at about ______ months of age. A) 5 B) 3 C) 2 D) 9

For a girl, undernutrition could be expected to have its greatest effect on height if it occurs A) before the onset of menses. B) 2 years after the onset of menses. C) 1 year after the onset of menses. D) 3 years after the onset of menses.

Infants who are born prematurely will catch up in growth by A) 6 months. B) 1 year. C) 2 to 3 years. D) 4 to 5 years.

The most sensitive indicator of long-term nutrient intake in a child is A) weight. B) height. C) head circumference. D) fusion of bone ends.

Approximately one third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age. The most frequent cause is A) weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets. B) diets low in essential fatty acids. C) weaning to low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets. D) diets high in protein.

Which of the following statements is true? A) There is strong evidence that infant obesity will result in adulthood obesity. B) Obese infants become obese preschool children. C) Most overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers. D) Kcalories should be restricted for obese infants to levels less than those for normal weight infants.

Susie is 3 years old. At her most recent checkup she was at the 20th percentile for height. This means that A) 79 of 100 girls her age are shorter than she is. B) 19 of 100 girls her age are shorter than she is. C) 79 of 100 girls her age are taller than she is. D) 20 girls her age are taller than she is.

Breast milk contains approximately how many kcalories per quart? A) 450 B) 570 C) 600 D) 640

The fluid requirements of the infant are approximately __________ cups per day. A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3

What vitamin routinely is given by injection to all infants at birth? A) A B) E C) K D) D

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the best age to introduce solid foods into the infant's diet is A) less than 1 month. B) 1 to 4 months. C) 4 to 6 months. D) over 8 months.

All of the following are true about "nursing bottle syndrome" except A) it causes tooth decay in bottle-fed infants. B) it is associated with an infant keeping a bottle in his or her mouth while sleeping. C) it results from the teeth being bathed in carbohydrate-rich fluid. D) it is associated with not brushing the infant's gums at least 3 times per week.

All of the following should be omitted from an infant's diet except A) iron. B) low-fat milk. C) hot dogs. D) corn syrup.

High-fiber diets are A) recommended for infants after 4 months of age. B) recommended for infants after 6 months of age. C) not recommended for infants. D) recommended for breastfed infants only.

Which foods would you suggest adding to the diet of a preschool child who needs increased iron intake? A) Lean meats B) Milk C) Orange juice D) Egg whites

If a child is to follow a totally vegetarian diet, greater attention should be given to which of the following nutrients? A) Iron and calcium B) The fat soluble vitamins C) Carbohydrate and fiber D) Protein and vitamin B-12

The adolescent growth spurt A) begins earlier in boys than girls. B) begins earlier in girls than boys. C) decreases energy and nutrient needs. D) begins at the same age for boys and girls.