Nutrition Chapter 11

25 July 2022
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The form of vitamin A active vision is:
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retinal
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Vitamin A- deficiency symptoms include:
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night blindness and keratomalacia
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Good sources of vitamin A include:
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apricots, turnip greens, and liver
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To keep minerals available in the blood, vitamin D targets
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the intestines, the kidneys and the bones
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Vitamin D can be synthesized from a precursor that the body makes from:
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cholesterol
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Vitamin E's most notable role is to
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protect lipids against oxidation
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The classic sign of vitamin E deficiency is
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erythrocyte hemolysis
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Without vitamin K
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blood fails to clot
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A significant amount of vitamin K comes from
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bacterial synthesis
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Free radicals
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are highly reactive
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Which of the following can be used to synthesize vitamin D
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exposure to sunlight
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Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?
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Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet
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Which of the following is not a form of vitamin A
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retinoic acid
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Which of the following is NOT among the general charateristics of the fat-soluble vitamins?
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Excesses are eliminated by kidneys
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The major function of vitamin E is to stop the destruction of
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
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A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either
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vitamin B12 or folate
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The first detectable sign of Vitamin A deficiency is usually
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nightblindess
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Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?
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Retinol-binding protein
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Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?
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bowed legs
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Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults?
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consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements
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Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health?
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it assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur
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Which of the following properties do vitamins D and K share?
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both are synthesized in the body
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
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bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin K
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As far is known, vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes?
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blood clotting
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Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?
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beta-carotene
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Which of the following describes an event in the visual response process?
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light energy strikes the retina and excites pigments to release retinal
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What is prothrombin?
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A protein needed for blood clot formation
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Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protien status?
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Transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein
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If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approx. how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?
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1 to 2 years
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Approx. what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver?
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90%
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What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?
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promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone
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What do beta-carotene and vitamin E have in common?
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Both act as antioxidants
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Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
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Vegetable oils
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Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns?
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Vitamin K
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The major function of vitamin E is to stop the destruction of
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free radicals
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What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
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processed foods
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Which of the following is NOT a general feature of trace minerals?
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they are rarely found in dietary supplements
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Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of
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iodine
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Which of the following is a feature of the minerals in nutrition?
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once minerals enter the bloodstream, they remain in the body until excreted
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Which of the following nutrients has functions similar to those of vitamin E?
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selenium
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What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?
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transferrin
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Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to
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provide rigidity for the bones and teeth
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What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?
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water
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Which of the following is NOT among the important roles for zinc?
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oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
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Deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children?
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zinc
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Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
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acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
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What is the major carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins from the intestinal epithelial cell to the circulation?
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Chylomicrons
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If the diet contains precursor vitamin A, which of the following tissues can use it to form vitamin A
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intestinal cells
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How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body?
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three
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With what vitamin is opsin usually associated in the body?
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A
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Which of the following describes an association between vitamin A and vision?
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light causes retinal to shift from cis to trans configuration
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Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response?
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Retinal
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Approx. what percentage of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver
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90
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Worldwide, how many preschool age children go blind each year due to vitamin A deficiency?
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500,000
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Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status?
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transport of the vitamin within the body requires sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein
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Studies in developing countries have demonstrated that the mortality rate of children with measles can be significantly reduced by providing supplements of?
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vitamin A
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Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?
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night blindness
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A nutrition?
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supplements are recommended for certain groups of infants and children infected with the measles in the United States.
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Which of the following is a feature of Accutane?
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it is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women
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Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice
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Skin yellowing
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin A in foods?
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chlorophyll in dark leafy green vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene
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Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?
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pumpkin pie
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Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin A in foods?
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arctic explorers who have eaten large quantities of polar bear liver have become ill with symptoms suggesting vitamin A toxicity
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The plant version of vitamin D is known as
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ergocalciferol
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The animal version of vitamin D is known as
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cholecalciferol
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Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?
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cholesterol
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What percentage of the U.S population is deficient in vitamin D?
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10%
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The main function of vitamin D is to promote
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calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
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Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?
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intestine
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A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin
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D
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What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?
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osteomalacia
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What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia?
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adult women
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Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?
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mineral deposits in soft tissue such as the kidney
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Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. As your friend only purchases organic and all-natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store?
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vitamin D fortified milk
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D?
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the average consumption in the US does not meet the recommended intake
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Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition?
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prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity
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Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?
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outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight
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Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidneys?
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excessive intake of vitamin D
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin d?
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fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source
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Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
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fortified milk
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?
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dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D
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Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?
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egg yolks
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What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of age?
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15 mg
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Absorption efficiency of vitamin D supplements is markedly improved when they are taken
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with a large meal
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Which of the following vitamins has been notes as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?
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E
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The main functions of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)
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antioxidant
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How is vitamin E though to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?
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it slows oxidation of low density lipo-proteins
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The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
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What form of tocopherol shows vitamin E activity in the human body?
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alpha
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Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people?
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erythrocyte hemolysis
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?
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deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids
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Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy?
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intermittent claudication
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Which of the the following is a feature of vitamin E in foods?
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most convenience foods are poor sources of vitamin E
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Which of the following is characteristic of the tocopherols?
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they are usually found in foods high in polyunsaturated fats
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In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
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blood clotting
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Which of the following is a feature of osteocalcin?
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it requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals
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Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?
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antibiotic therapy
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Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin K nutrition?
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absorption is inhibited when bile production diminishes
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Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
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K
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What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency?
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newborns
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Which of the following is a major form of vitamin K in foods?
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phylloquinone
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Approx. what percentage of the body's store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract bacterial synthesis?
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50
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Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals?
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they arise from normal metabolic reactions
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Substances that promote oxidation are usually termed?
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pro oxidants