Nutrition Chapter 10

Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of pre-formed vitamin A carrots egg cantaloupe rice

Your skin can turn yellow or orange if you frequently consume foods that are high in: vitamin E. selenium. vitamin A. beta-carotene.

Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized? vitamin D vitamin B12 vitamin C folate

People who regularly consume fruits and vegetables have a reduced risk for CVD. True False

Which of the following is a function of vitamin E? protecting PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in cell membranes from oxidation regenerating vitamin C by donating an electron improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low increasing bone density

Where in the body is selenium contained? in the liver in adipose tissue in the lymph system in amino acids

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of: copper. vitamin E. vitamin C. selenium.

Because vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, ________ can occur readily. spoilage absorption toxicity utilization

Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E? milk and dairy products fruits and vegetables meat, fish, and poultry vegetable oils

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding free radicals? Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism. Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals. Exposure to pollution decreases free radical production. A free radical is an atom with paired electrons in its outermost shell.

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is: scurvy. erythrocyte hemolysis. night blindness. Keshan disease.

Which of the following carotenoids can be converted to retinol in the body? lutein beta-carotene lycopene retinol

Vitamin E is added to many oil-based skin care products because: it prevents oxidation in these products. it has an additive effect on the function of the products. it is an inactive filler. it improves the smell and texture of the products.

Beta-carotene has no known essential role in the body. Therefore, an RDA has not been established. True False

Which of the following symptoms is associated with consuming a megadose of vitamin C? night blindness scurvy nausea and diarrhea erythrocyte hemolysis

Glutathione peroxidase is a free radical formed from oxidative metabolism. True False

Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C? smoking cigarettes drinking alcohol following a vegan diet taking vitamin C supplements

Which of the following are required components of many antioxidant enzyme systems? antioxidant minerals antioxidant vitamins phytochemicals gastrointestinal microflora

The retinoid that has the most significant physiological role in the human body is: retinol. retinoic acid. retinal. beta-carotene.

The reason most fast foods don't contain much vitamin E is because: they have too much fat content. heating vegetable oils destroys vitamin E. vitamin E cannot be present in cooking oils. vitamin E-containing foods are best cooked slowly.

Research suggests that vitamin C supplements taken daily can reduce the incidence of the common cold. True False

Vitamin C assists in the formation of the structural protein called ________. elastin collagen titan ostiod

The leading cause of death for adults in the United States is: cancer. cardiovascular disease (CVD). diabetes. AIDS.

The doctor has recently told Julie that she is anemic. Julie should consume ________ with her iron supplement to increase its absorption. a tablespoon of castor oil a glass of milk a glass of orange juice scrambled eggs

Research studies have demonstrated an association between a reduced risk for cancer and: the use of vitamin C supplements. increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. increased consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids. the use of beta-carotene supplements.

Which of the following contains the greatest amount of bioavailable beta-carotene? 1 cup raw carrots 1 cup frozen carrots 1 cup lightly cooked carrots 1 cup thoroughly cooked carrots

Which of the following nutrients requires the most frequent consumption to ensure adequate body stores? vitamin A vitamin E vitamin C beta-carotene

Vitamin E is critical for: normal fetal and early childhood development. athletic performance. postmenopausal women. adolescent growth.

In addition to their antioxidant properties, phytochemicals are also believed to: reduce inflammation that can lead to potentially serious disease. aid in childbirth. assist with sleep. retard hair thinning as a result of age or chemical exposure.

Oxidative damage has been linked to the aging process. True False

Which type of studies are most commonly used as evidence for the benefits of phytochemicals? epidemiological experimental survey retrospective

Free radicals are only produced in response to radiation, pollution, industrial chemicals, tobacco smoke, or infections. True False

Experts recommend beta-carotene supplementation to help with chronic disease prevention or treatment. True False

Some free radicals are unavoidable by-products of normal metabolism. True False

Conditions that typically occur later in life as the result of lifelong accumulated risk are called: low-risk diseases. cancer. secondary diseases. diseases of aging.

A key reason why an RDA for phytochemicals has been difficult to establish is due to: their synergystic effect. their naturally-occuring genesis. their variety of forms. their broad functions.

Antioxidants have the capacity to neutralize: DNA. lipids. free radicals. water.

Phytochemicals are synthetic substances. True False

A basic principle of toxicology states that doseage is not an important factor. True False

Resveratrol, which is present in wine and grapes and thought to have protective effects against cancer, is a member of the phytochemical group called: flavinoids. phenolics. phytoestrogens. carotinoids.

Phytochemicals have established daily recommended intakes. True False

Which of the following is the BEST expression of the synergistic action of phytochemicals? Each phytochemical has an independent function. Phytochemicals oppose the action of certain vitamins. Phytochemicals interact with each other and with other substances to provide a greater summative effect. Phytochemicals can neutralize free radicals.

Phytochemicals may be ineffective or even harmful when: heated diluted. consumed as supplements. consumed in raw foods.

Scientists now believe that phytochemicals may benefit health by stressing our cells. True False

Naturally occurring compounds found in plants and believed to have health-promoting properties are called: steroids. antioxidants. phytochemicals. chlorofluorocarbons.

Carotinoids are probably the most studied class of phytochemicals. True False

Phytochemicals are regarded as nutrients. True False

Over 10,000 different phytochemicals have been identified . True False

Phytochemicals have greater benefits if consumed at higher doses, in supplement form. True False

The prefix "phyto" means: light. plant. fiber. photon.

Once the DNA of a cell is mutated, the development of cancer is inevitable. True False

True ________ deficiencies are uncommon in humans. beta-carotene vitamin A vitamin C vitamin E

Which of the following is considered an essential nutrient? glycerol beta-carotene homocysteine vitamin E

Provitamins are: vitamins with overwhelmingly positive effects when taken in the correct amounts. inactive forms of vitamins that the body cannot use until they're converted to their active form. prooxidents that have taken a new form. vitamins with antioxidant properties.

Today, scurvy is rare in developed countries. True False

Selenocysteine is the active form of selenium. True False

About 90% of the vitamin A we absorb is stored in the: pancreas. liver. intestines. kidneys.

Carotenoids are better absorbed from cooked foods. True False

Which antioxidant enzyme system functions by removing hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting it into water and oxygen? superoxide dismutase catalase glutathione peroxidase microsomal enzyme-oxidizing system

Over 10,000 different phytochemicals have been identified. True False

Which of the following is a function of carotenoids? produces thyroxine activate the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system supports the immune system increases cellular metabolic rate

Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis? estrogen insulin cortisol thyroxine

From what source does our body obtain the majority of its antioxidants? from sunlight from the by-products of healthy metabolism from the diet gastrointestinal microflora

Which of the following foods is MOST likely to have the highest concentration of selenium? apples whole wheat pasta cheese liver

Dairy products are good sources of vitamin E. True False

When an oxygen molecule becomes a free radical, it is referred to as a(n): reactive oxygen species (ROS). carcinogen. prooxidant. antioxidant.

Regarding second-hand smoke from tobacco products, research indicates that: minimal exposure poses few risks. exposure is situational; not all products exert the same level of danger. air circulation significantly mitigates the problem of exposure. there is no risk-free level of exposure.

Beta-carotene is a hydrophobic compound. True False

The most common form of cancer in the United States is cancer of the: lung. skin. colon. stomach.

Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of the ________ antioxidant enzyme system. superoxide dismutase catalase haloperoxidase glutathione peroxidase

Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C? milk and cheese seafood wheat and oats green and red peppers

Vitamin A is transported through the bloodstream to target tissues and cells with the assistance of ________. retinol-binding protein prooxidants anticoagulants tocopherols

The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is: alpha-tocopherol. alpha-tocotrienol. gamma-tocopherol. delta-tocopherol.

Which of the following statements about antioxidants is TRUE? Antioxidants are formed in the body. Antioxidants oxidize free radicals. Antioxidants reduce free radicals by removing an electron. Antioxidants donate an electron, thus reducing the free radical.

The reason most fast foods don't contain much vitamin E is because: they have too much fat content. heating vegetable oils destroys vitamin E. vitamin E cannot be present in cooking oils. vitamin E-containing foods are best cooked slowly.

Antioxidants have the capacity to neutralize: DNA. lipids. free radicals. water.

Vitamin E improves vitamin A's absorption by the body. True False

Which of the following foods will have the least amount of viable vitamin E? chicken fried in vegetable oil bread dipped in sunflower oil peanuts, dry roasted salad with canola oil and vinegar

When levels of vitamin A are deficient, people suffer from a condition known as: astigmatism. near-sightedness night blindness. partial blindness.

The specific term for substances that can cause cancer is: free radicals. tumors. carcinogens. mutations.

In laboratory blood tests, the marker that indicates the degree of inflammation is called: iodopsin. C-reactive protein. reactive oxygen species (ROS). selenomethionine.

Where is beta-carotene converted to retinol? in the stomach in the liver in the small intestine in the large intestine

Taking megadoses of vitamin C is fatal. True False

The gaining of electrons by an atom during metabolism is called: oxidation. reduction. radiation. mineralization.

Absorption of which mineral is enhanced by vitamin C? iron copper selenium calcium

How do antioxidant vitamins stabilize free radicals? donate electrons or hydrogens enzymatic destruction phagocytosis break down and convert them to less damaging molecules

Vitamin A affects our vision in two ways; it enables us to react to changes in brightness, and: it enables us to see different colors. it enables us to focus on distant objects. it supports eye functioning later in life. it supports the development of eye functioning in fetuses.

About 90% of vitamin E is stored in: adipose tissue. the liver. cell membranes. the skin.

Vitamin A is derived from what provitamin? beta carotene panthenol provitamin D3 ergosterol

Foods that use beta-carotene as a natural coloring agent: generally must be processed heavily. are not significant sources of beta-carotene. are largely foods with a high fat content. also acquire a distinctive taste.

Taking vitamin E supplements along with ________ can cause uncontrollable bleeding. antidepressants anticoagulants cholesterol-lowering medications oral contraceptives

A(n) ________ is a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron. provitamin antioxidant prooxidant free radical

Advanced vitamin A deficiency can lead to ________, a condition of irreversible blindness. hyperkeratosis Kashin-Beck disease xeropthalmia anemia

Antioxidants ________ an electron or hydrogen atom to stabilize a free radical. take on eliminate donate transform

Which of the following is the best source of vitamin C? citrus fruit pork chops hazel nuts butter

Which of the following has been associated with an increased risk for cancer? high fat diet caffeine fluoridated water omega-3 fatty acids

Low-grade inflammation is associated with which biochemical marker? HDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol insulin C-reactive protein

Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of pre-formed vitamin A? carrots egg cantaloupe rice

Phytochemicals have established daily recommended intakes. True False

In addition to their antioxidant properties, phytochemicals are also believed to: reduce inflammation that can lead to potentially serious disease. aid in childbirth. assist with sleep. retard hair thinning as a result of age or chemical exposure.