Structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information
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What is a Gene?
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Segments of DNA that code for functional products
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What is Genetic Code?
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Set of rules that determines how nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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What is a Genotype?
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the genes of an organism
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What is a Phenotype?
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expression of the genes
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What is Genomics?
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studies the sequencing and molecular characteristics of genomes.
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Describe how DNA serves as Genetic information
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Genetic information is encoded by the sequence of bases along a strand of DNA.
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Bacterial conjugation is often referred to as bacterial sex. Why is this term inaccurate?
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Conjugation does not result in the formation of new offspring
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What must occur for bacterial conjugation to take place?
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The cells must come into contact with each other.
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Which statement about conjugation is false?
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Conjugation is a process of bacterial reproduction
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Based on the animation, what is transferred during bacterial conjugation?
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A bacterial plasmid
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At which point does a recipient cell become an F+ cell?
1.Fusion of the cell membranes
2. Attachment of the sex pilus
3. Transfer of the single stranded F factor
4. Pulling of donor and recipient cells together
5.Formation of the complementary strand of the F factor
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5
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What cellular macromolecule is the fertility factor comprised of?
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nucleic acid
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What is the key difference between donor cells and recipient cells?
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An F plasmid
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What is required by an F- cell to become an F+ cell?
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F plasmid
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What is the function of the conjugation pilus?
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It pulls the F+ and F- cells together.
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Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
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Transduction, conjugation, and transformation
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What is the hallmark of all horizontal gene transfers?
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Transfer of DNA between organisms of the same generation
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A recombinant cell is
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is a cell that receives DNA from an outside source and incorporates it into its own.
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When a transducing phage interacts with a new host cell,
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the DNA from the previous host can recombine with the new host chromosome.
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A transducing phage
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contains fragments of the host chromosome instead of the viral genome.
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How is generalized transduction different from specialized transduction?
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Generalized transduction is initiated during lytic cycle of a virulent bacteriophage; specialized transduction is initiated during the lysogenic cycle of a temperate bacteriophage.
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What is unique about transduction compared to normal bacteriophage infection?
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Transduction transfers DNA from the chromosome of one cell to another.
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Which finding is most surprising from Griffith's experiments?
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S strain cells are isolated from the blood of mice infected with heat-killed S strains and live R strains.
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What most likely explains the recovery of live S strain cells from a mouse injected with heat-killed S strain mixed with live R strain cells?
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The R strain picked up the S strain DNA, enabling it to produce a capsule.
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What characteristic of the S strain allows it to evade the immune system of the mice?
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The cells have a capsule.
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Mice that are injected with only the R strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae
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stay healthy, because their immune systems can kill this strain easily.
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Competent cells are cells that
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can take up DNA from their surrounding environment and integrate it into their own chromosomes by recombination.
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Which of the following events occurs during transcription?
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A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
During transcription, RNA nucleotides line up with their complementary DNA partners, transcribing the information in DNA into RNA.
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Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?
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mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
During translation, mRNA binds first to a ribosome, and then to molecules of tRNA. It never binds directly to amino acids.
mRNA undergoes RNA processing in the nucleus and then moves to the cytoplasm for translation.
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The site of translation is
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ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
Translation occurs at ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
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Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
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DNA
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, but these instructions are transcribed to RNA before translation occurs.
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Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?
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mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome at the beginning of translation.
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What is the end goal of PCR?
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To quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence
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PCR stands for
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polymerase chain reaction.
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Which of the following is an application that uses PCR?
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Sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism
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Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell?
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It can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein.
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Which of the following attaches the target gene to a desired location?
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DNA ligase
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Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene. How might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent this disorder?
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To insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene
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How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences?
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They cut DNA at sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences.
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What is the temperature used for the extension step?
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72 °C
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How do the strands separate during PCR?
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The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.
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What is a thermocycler?
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The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR
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What is the sequence of the temperatures of a typical PCR reaction?
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94 °C, 60 °C, 72 °C
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Which means of genetic transfer among bacteria involves a virus?
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transduction
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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A) DNA polymerase - makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template
B) RNA polymerase - makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template
C) Transposase - insertion of DNA segments into DNA
D) DNA gyrase - coils and twists DNA
E) DNA ligase - joins segments of DNA
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B) RNA polymerase - makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template
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Which of the following requires cell-to-cell contact?
A) transformation
B) transduction
C) conjugation
D) mutation
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C) conjugation
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All of these statements are true about DNA replication except:
A) Only one strand of the parent DNA serves as a template for a newly synthesized complementary strand.
B) RNA polymerase synthesizes the primers.
C) DNA ligase joins the small DNA fragments of the lagging strand.
D) DNA polymerase is required to add new nucleotides to the growing ends of the DNA strands.
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A) Only one strand of the parent DNA serves as a template for a newly synthesized complementary strand.
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Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription?
A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) None of these
D) A new strand of DNA
E) tRNA
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D) A new strand of DNA
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A gene is best defined as
A) A sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product.
B) Three nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
C) A segment of DNA.
D) A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product.
E) A transcribed unit of DNA.
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A) A sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product.
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Recombinant DNA technology is used for all of the following except ________.
A) human insulin production by bacterial cells
B) hepatitis B vaccine production using yeast cells
C) culturing unknown organisms
D) amplification of DNA for microbe identification
E) insertion of genes from humans or plants into bacteria or viruses
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C) culturing unknown organisms
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Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell
A) As naked DNA in solution.
B) By crossing over.
C) By sexual reproduction.
D) By cell-to-cell contact.
E) By a bacteriophage.
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A) As naked DNA in solution.
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Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by
A) Mutation.
B) Transduction.
C) Transformation.
D) Conjugation.
E) All of these.
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E) All of these.
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Which one of the following is a method of vertical gene transmission?
A) conjugation
B) cell division
C) transduction
D) transformation
answer
b. cell division
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