Microbiology Ch 13 Quiz

Virulence factors include all of the following except ______. a. capsules b. ribosome Correct c. exoenzymes d. endotoxin e. exotoxin

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called ______. Select one: a. opportunistic pathogens b. normal biota c. indigenous biota d. true pathogens e. micropathogens

Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/an ______. Select one: a. intoxication b. toxemia c. hemolysin d. pandemic e. infection

The difference between the terms pathogenicity and virulence is that Select one: a. pathogenic organisms cause disease, virulent organisms do not. b. virulent organisms cause disease, pathogens do not. c. pathogens cause disease and their virulence describe the degree of pathogenicity. d. virulent organisms cause disease and their pathogenicity describes the degree of disease manifestations.

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a ______. Select one: a. fomite b. carrier c. vector d. reservoir e. source

The term infection refers to Select one: a. microorganisms colonizing the body. b. contact with microorganisms. c. contact with pathogens. d. pathogens penetrating host defenses.

Some diseases can cause long-term or permanent damage in the patient termed ______. Select one: a. edema b. sequelae c. granulomas d. abcesses e. swollen lymph nodes

Which is not true about the Human Microbiome Project? Select one: a. The HMP can only identify bacteria, not viruses. b. The importance of the project is in analyzing the normal biota and correlating with human health and disease. c. The HMP is looking for pathogens as well as nonpathogens in and on the human body. d. Molecular biological lab techniques will be used for identification rather than standard biochemical lab techniques.

Which of the following is not true of the preliminary findings by the HMP thus far? Select one: a. the number of bacterial genes outnumber human genes by millions in the holobiont b. there are many more sterile sites in the human than were previously assumed c. microbial antagonism prevents potential pathogens in the resident biota from causing disease d. viruses have played an important role in guiding the evolution of both humans and their resident flora

The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a/an ______. Select one: a. syndrome b. symptom c. sign d. pathology e. inflammation

Which of the following is not a structure used for bacterial adhesion? Select one: a. Fimbriae b. Surface proteins c. Specialized receptors d. Adhesive slime or capsules e. Cilia

Which of the following does not illustrate the use of universal precaution methods in the handling of patients and body substances? Select one: a. Mask and gloves b. Proper disposal of needles c. Healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patients d. Hand washing e. Sterilizing or disinfection of dental hand pieces

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called ______. Select one: a. exogenous b. an exotoxin c. an enterotoxin d. endogenous e. axenic

The prevalence rate of tuberculosis in one particular county in Texas is 7/1000 people, while the incidence rate for 2011 is 2/1000 people. Analyze this data and summarize the situation. Select one: a. The data were collected incorrectly because the two values should match. Incorrect b. Incidence rate should really be higher than prevalence rate because it includes all new cases for the year. c. Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate because the number of people still alive with tuberculosis is higher because of better treatments. d. Prevalence rate and incidence rate cannot be determined for the same disease.

Which of the following is not true regarding healthcare-associated infections? Select one: a. These infections are only transmitted by medical personnel. b. These infections often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions. c. The patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent. d. Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents. e. Medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

The suffix -emia means ______. Select one: a. blood b. a disease or morbid process c. an inflammation d. tumor e. pertaining to

Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit of an infectious disease? Select one: a. Removal of blood b. Urogenital tract and feces c. Coughing and sneezing d. Skin e. All of these are normal exit portals.

Carriers that shed and transmit pathogens while they are recovering from an infectious disease are called ______ carriers. Select one: a. asymptomatic b. passive c. incubation d. chronic e. convalescent

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called ______. Select one: a. syndromes b. malaise c. inflammation d. asymptomatic e. secondary infections

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a _______. Select one: a. fomite b. carrier c. vector d. reservoir e. source

What is one goal of the Human Microbiome Project? Select one: a. To sequence the DNA of all microorganisms b. To study the prevalence of disease c. To study microorganisms in an artificial habitat d. To provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease e. To elucidate genetically linked diseases

Since the 1970s, approximately 40 new infectious disease agents have been discovered, including SARS, chikungunya and zika. The ability of these agents to spread rapidly and because global concern is due to all of the following except Select one: a. individuals are traveling more frequently and farther distances than in the previous half-century. b. communities are becoming more sparsely populated. c. communities are spreading into rural areas/wildlife habitats. d. communities are becoming more densely populated.

Physicians are required to report new cases of gonorrhea to the CDC, whereas new cases of genital herpes are not notifiable. Evaluate the statements below and choose which statement best represents why some diseases are reportable and others are not. Select one: a. Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics and therefore may develop resistance; genital herpes is not treatable with antibiotics. b. Genital herpes is less deadly than gonorrhea. c. Gonorrhea is more contagious than genital herpes. d. Gonorrhea affects certain populations and geographic areas, whereas genital herpes does not.

Which genus is resident biota of the mouth, large intestine, and within the vagina from puberty to menopause? Select one: a. Lactobacillus b. Treponema c. Haemophilus d. Escherichia e. Clostridium

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mandates that some diseases must be reported, while it is not necessary for others. This is so that Select one: a. statistics may be gathered for certain diseases. b. the incidence and prevalence for diseases of public health importance can be tracked. c. disease trends and areas of outbreak can be monitored for certain diseases. d. high-risk epidemics can be identified and dealt with as quickly as possible. e. All of the above answers validate why it is important to report certain diseases to the CDC.

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are ______. Select one: a. in food b. the patient's own normal biota c. on fomites d. in the air e. transmitted from one person to another

Which of the following is not correct terminology used for resident biota? Select one: a. Pathogenic biota b. Normal biota c. Indigenous biota d. Normal microbiota e. Commensals

Keratinase has the greatest effect on the ______. Select one: a. respiratory system b. gastrointestinal system c. urinary system d. genital system e. skin

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the Select one: a. prodromal stage b. convalescent stage c. incubation period d. period of invasion

A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face, eyes, nose, and mouth. This specimen was from an HIV positive patient. If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection in the technologist, the transmission route is ______. Select one: a. direct b. fomite c. vehicle d. droplet nuclei e. aerosol

TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common ______. Select one: a. genera of resident biota b. sexually transmitted infections c. portals of entry d. vectors e. infections of the fetus and neonate

All of the following are examples of epigenetic changes except Select one: a. histones are altered, which affects replication and transcription. b. microbial mucinase digests the protective lining of mucous membranes. c. host cell genome is altered, interrupting transcription. d. microbe binds to small RNAs disrupting gene regulation.

Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except Select one: a. the birth process through the birth canal. b. bottle feeding. c. breast feeding. d. contact with hospital staff. e. All of the choices are correct.

Diseases can re-emerge for a variety of reasons. Evaluate the following statements and choose the one that does not provide evidence for a re-emergence. Select one: a. Pathogens evolve over time. b. Climate change influences arthropods to expand their geographical areas. c. Humans have avoided animal habitats. d. Agents of bioterrorism have been introduced into a population.

Exotoxins are ______. Select one: a. proteins secreted by living bacterial cells b. only released after a cell is damaged or lysed c. antiphagocytic factors d. secretions that always target nervous tissue e. lipopolysaccharides

An example of an epigenetic change is Select one: a. a microbe secreting hyaluronidase to break down host hyaluronic acid. b. Clostridium tetani secreting the exotoxin tetanospasmin. c. a gram-negative organism releasing lipopolysaccharide from its cell wall upon lysis. d. a microbe that can induce changes in host DNA, resulting in suppression of defenses or weakening of individual cells.

The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are ______. Select one: a. fomites b. aerosols c. mechanical vectors d. droplet nuclei e. biological vectors

When would Koch's postulates be utilized? Select one: a. to determine the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab b. to develop a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab c. to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab d. to formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab e. whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem

Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus? Select one: a. Vertical b. Direct c. Vector d. Droplets e. Fomites

Lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls is called ______. Select one: a. exotoxin b. endotoxin c. enterotoxin d. leukocidin e. hemolysin

Exotoxins ______. Select one: a. are secreted by pathogenic organisms b. are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms c. are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms d. cause more damage than endotoxins e. are host specific

Reservoirs include ______. Select one: a. humans b. animals c. soil d. water e. All of the choices are correct.

Which genus is the most common resident biota of mouth surfaces? Select one: a. Lactobacillus b. Streptococcus c. Haemophilus d. Escherichia e. Mycobacterium

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is referred to as ______. Select one: a. epidemic b. endemic c. pandemic d. sporadic e. chronic

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the ______. Select one: a. respiratory system b. gastrointestinal system c. urinary system d. genital system e. skin