Metabolism

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient? minerals ATP carbohydrates vitamins

Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? proteins: structural materials in the body lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes vitamins: act as coenzymes carbohydrates: hormones

A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. fat glucose acetyl CoA protein

Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth derived from meat and fish only derived only from legumes and other plant material

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. triglycerides fatty acids phospholipids cholesterol

Prostaglandins play a role in ________. noninflammatory responses skeletal muscle contraction control of blood volume control of blood pressure

Which of the following is a source of complex carbohydrates? fruit juice potatoes soda pudding

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish egg yolk, fish roe, and grains lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream. It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.

For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? vitamin D vitamin K vitamin A vitamin B

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________. sulfur and potassium sodium and chlorine calcium and phosphorus iron and selenium

Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation? electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen oxidation of oxygen the Krebs cycle glycolysis

Which of the following molecules is most directly involved in the transfer of energy from food to the proton pumps depicted in this figure? oxygen NADH ADP ATP

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the reactions indicated by the letters F and G? Both reactions include the synthesis of ATP powered by the diffusion of H+ ions. Both reactions involve the transfer of electrons from an organic substrate to the molecule ATP. Both reactions involve the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP. Together, the reactions indicated by the letters F and G produce most of the ATP synthesized during cellular respiration.

Where do the processes indicated by the letter C occur? on the outer mitochondrial membrane within the mitochondrial intermembrane space within the mitochondrial matrix on the inner mitochondria membrane

__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules. Anabolism Carboxylation Catabolism Metabolism

Redox reactions __________. are characterized by the exchange of water molecules are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron rarely involve enzymes do not occur under physiological conditions

Most ATP in cellular respiration is regenerated in substrate level phosphorylation.

The term metabolism is best defined as ________. the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. carbohydrate utilization increases larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones structural proteins are used as a potential energy source ketone bodies are formed

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? substrate-level phosphorylation oxidation reactions lactic acid production oxidative phosphorylation

What is the primary function of cellular respiration? to regenerate ATP to oxidize glucose to produce proteins to metabolize nutrients

Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description? glycolysis: anaerobic respiration anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway

Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions __________. from intermembrane space to cytoplasm from matrix to intermembrane space from matrix to cytoplasm from cytoplasm to matrix

Which of the following describes the event depicted on the right side of the figure? oxidation of ADP ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation active transport of H+ ions

Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure? the citric acid cycle both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle glycolysis neither glycolysis nor the citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process. cytosol; aerobic mitochondria; anaerobic mitochondria; aerobic cytosol; anaerobic

Which of the following is NOT an end product of the citric acid cycle? NADH CO2 citric acid FADH2

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water formation of sugar

Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? formation of malic acid from fumaric acid glycolysis electron transport citric acid (Krebs) cycle

Which of the following is correct? Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway.

Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she "carbo-loads" when eating a large pasta dinner? gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis glycolysis glycogenesis

Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body.

During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______. the glycogen content of the liver is reduced the pH of the urine is elevated homeostatic mechanisms effectively increase the concentration of the blood's carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system All of the listed responses are correct.

lipogenesis

lipolysis

beta oxidation

ketogenesis

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. gluconeogenesis lipolysis fat utilization lipogenesis

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. glycogen amino acids fatty acids lactic acid

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? vitamins and minerals proteins fats foods and beverages high in caffeine

Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation? Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments. The carbon in the beta (third) position is oxidized during the process. It occurs in the mitochondria. It involves the anabolism of fats.

Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________. urea; kidney ketones; liver urea; liver ketones; kidney

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. converted to urea converted to ammonia transferred to a keto acid transferred to acetyl CoA

__________ is the key hormone regulator of the postabsorptive state. Parathyroid hormone Cortisol Insulin Glucagon

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? glycogenesis amino acid synthesis lipogenesis conversion to a nucleic acid ATP production

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. postabsorptive state period when the metabolic rate is lowest absorptive state starvation period

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis. cortisol insulin thyroxine glucagon

Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. LDLs VLDLs HDLs Chylomicrons

Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver? protein metabolism synthesis of vitamin K carbohydrate and lipid metabolism synthesis of bile salts

__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities. Chemical thermogenesis Total metabolic rate Food-induced thermogenesis The basal metabolic rate

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________. loss of organic molecules in urine energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities energy needed to make all organic molecules loss of energy to perspiration

Many factors influence basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the most critical factor? an individual's body weight the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen the way an individual metabolizes fat the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

Which of the following would decrease body temperature? enhanced thyroxine release shivering dilation of cutaneous blood vessels eating a large meal

evaporation

conduction

convection

radiation

The ________ acts as the body's thermostat. skin hypothalamus liver epithalamus

Part complete Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat transfer used by the body? shivering conduction/convection evaporation radiation

use of proteins in the body

importance of vitamins

structure of mitochondria

catabolism

anabolism

glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

glycolysis

characteristics of oxidation-reduction reactions

Factors that influence BMR

What is the end product of glycolysis?

function of cellular respiration

characteristics of glycolysis

characteristics of Krebs cycle

characteristics of electron transport chain

by-products of protein breakdown

Reactions that occur during the absorptive states

reactions that occur during the postabsorptive states

heat-loss mechanisms in the body

functions of the liver