What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell?
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44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
Human somatic cells contain 22 pairs of autosomes and wither two X chromosomes (in females) or an X and a Y chromosome (in males).
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A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is
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a sperm
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Which of the following statements about reproduction is correct?
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In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.
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Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2N = 16?
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Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.
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Meiosis I produces _________ cells, each of which is ________.
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two; haploid
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Meiosis II typically produces ___________ cells, each of which is ___________.
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four; haploid
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During __________ sister chromatids separate.
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Anaphase II
Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that the cell is haploid.
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At the end of __________ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
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Telophase I
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Synapsis occurs during ___________.
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Prophase I
Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs during prophase I.
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Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _________.
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Anaphase I
During anaphase I sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres, and homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.
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During ________ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
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Metaphase II
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At the end of _______ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
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Telophase II
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During ________ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
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Prophase II
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Mitosis
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A single division occurs, separating sister chromatids.
End result is two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.
Duplicated chromosomes line up individually on the metaphase plate in a diploid cell.
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Meiosis
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The first division separates homologous pairs; the second division separates sister chromatids.
Homologous chromosomes pair up and form chiasmata.
End result is four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell.
Daughter cells contain recombinant chromosomes.
Homologous pairs pf chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.
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Both Mitosis and Meiosis
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Chromosomes duplicate during interphase.
Process starts with a diploid cell.
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True or False? Crossing over and synapsis occur after the homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
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False
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True or False? Meiosis occurs in both somatic (body) cells and sex cells.
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False
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True or False? The second division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half.
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False
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True or False? The first division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half.
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True
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True or False? In Meiosis II, the daughter cells from meiosis I undergo a very similar division to mitosis.
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True.
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Mitosis can occur in both haploid and diploid cells, but meiosis can only occur in diploid cells. Why?
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Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes sets as the parent cell; therefore, the parent cell must be diploid.
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Which of the following statements correctly describes how sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes differ from each other?
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Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
One homologous chromosome comes from the father, and the other comes from the mother. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other.
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In a typical animal, mitosis produces __________, while meiosis produces __________.
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two diploid daughter cells; four haploid daughter cells.
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Which of the following occurs during meiosis, but not during mitosis?
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Synapsis occurs.
The paring of homologous chromosomes that only occurs during prophase I of meiosis is called synapsis.
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Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that...
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...sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
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Choose the makeup of a haploid set and a diploid set in this cell.
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The chromosomes of one color make up a haploid set.
All red and blue chromosomes together make up a diploid set.
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Identify the stage of meiosis shown.
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Metaphase I
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This cell must be undergoing __________ because the two _________ are associated with each other at the metaphase plate. Also, chiasmata are clearly presented meaning that __________ has occurred, another process unique to this type of cell division.
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meiosis; homologous chromosomes; crossing over.
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A cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II. Which of the following statements describes its genetic contents?
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It has half the amount of DNA as he cell that began meiosis.
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Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I?
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The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
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How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I?
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The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
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Haploid cells form containing joined sister chromatids.
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Telophase II
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Cohesions at centromeres of sister chromatids breakdown.
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Anaphase II
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Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the spindle.
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Metaphase I
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The parent cell that centers meiosis is diploid, whereas he four daughter cells that result are haploid. Which statement correctly describes how cellular content and policy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?
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DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
During anaphase of both meiosis I and meiosis II, the DNA content (number of copies of chromosomes) in a cell is halved. However, the ploidy level changes only when the number of unique chromosome sets in the cell changes. This occurs only in meiosis I (where separation of homologous chromosomes decreases the ploidy level from 2n to n and produces daughter cells with a single chromosome set).
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