Mastering Biology 4

Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____.

Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy.

Which of the following is highest in chemical energy?

In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____.

__________ is a form of kinetic energy that is manifested in the random motions of atoms and molecules.

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy through an ecosystem?

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide enters a leaf through pores called __________.

In the 1640s, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptista van Helmont performed the classic experiment paraphrased below: I filled a pot with 200 pounds of dirt that had been dried in an oven. Then I planted the stem of a willow tree and watered it with rainwater. At the beginning, the willow stem weighed 5 pounds. For 5 years, I watered the tree with either rainwater or distilled water whenever it was needed. The pot was large, and planted in the ground. I covered the pot with an iron plate. This had many holes, which allowed water through but not dust. In this way, I could be assured that possible dust accumulation over these 5 years did not significantly add to the weight of the dirt. After 5 years, the tree weighed 169 pounds, and about 3 ounces. I did not take into account the weight of the leaves that fell each autumn. At length, I again dried the dirt, which weighed only 2 ounces less than the initial 200 pounds. I concluded that the 164 pounds of wood, bark, and roots, arose out of water only. In what way was Van Helmont's conclusion incorrect?

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. This energy is used to __________.

Why do plants have two photosystems?

During the Calvin cycle, plants use energy from ATP and NADPH to drive __________.

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

Which stage of cellular respiration uses O2?

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH 2 molecule.

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?

How do we derive energy from fats?

Approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a, the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions?

Which wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll b?

You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange?

Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis?

If only chlorophyll a were involved in the light reactions, would blue light (wavelength about 490 nm) be effective in driving photosynthesis?

An action spectrum plots the rate of photosynthesis at various wavelengths of visible light, and it shows that blue light with a wavelength of about 490 nm is effective in driving photosynthesis. Based on this information and the absorption spectra shown at left, what role may chlorophyll b and carotenoids play in photosynthesis?

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Which statement describes glycolysis?

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?