Mastering Bio 3 Chapter 22

25 July 2022
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question
What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"? A.Descent with modification refers to the partial resemblance of offspring to their parents. B.Descent with modification refers to natural selection. C.Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time.
answer
C.Darwin used this term to describe change in organisms over time, or evolutionary change.
question
A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. A.embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other B.the embryological development of many plants and animals is almost identical C.the more advanced the animal, the more slowly it develops D.all animals develop similar embryonic gills E.mutations have a far more dramatic effect on embryos than on adult organisms
answer
A. Early in development, the similarities among all vertebrate embryos are more apparent than the differences.
question
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? A. The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. B.The ratios will not change. C.There is no way to predict the result. D.As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. E.In two generations, all the fish will be mottled.
answer
A. The mottled fish will tend to escape predation because they are camouflaged against the mottled lake bottom. The mottled fish will most likely produce more offspring.
question
An adaptation is _____. A.a trait that gives rise to a new species B.an individual's attempt to conform to its environment C.a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment D.the cause of natural selection E.all of the above
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C.Evolutionary adaptations are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
question
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. A.tail B.baleen C.blowhole D.flipper E.rib cage
answer
D.The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous.
question
The Galápagos Islands are cooled by the _____. A.Gulf Stream B.Humboldt Current C.Monsoon Drift D.Kuroshio Current E.Equatorial Countercurrent
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B.The Humboldt carries cool water northward from Antarctica.
question
How many finch species did Darwin send to the British Museum? A.13 B.15 C.21 D.17 E.30
answer
A.Thirteen distinct species of finch were identified.
question
In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge? A. In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, bacterial populations gradually began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. B.Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. C.In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, some bacteria began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. These bacteria survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.
answer
B.Evolutionary change comes about as the proportion of individuals in the population displaying a particular trait increases from generation to generation.
question
Which of these lists contains the four postulates of natural selection? A. Variation in population, environmental variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction B.Uniform population, heritable traits, selection, differential survival or reproduction C.Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction D.Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, unlimited survival and reproduction
answer
C.This list contains all four of the postulates of natural selection.
question
Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? A. Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. B. Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. C. Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. D.Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.
answer
D.This is an accurate statement of the first two steps in the sequence of natural selection.
question
Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? A. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. B. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. C.Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. D.Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce.
answer
D. Variation in fitness is required for selection to change the characteristics of a population over time. Remember that selection also requires that the variation in fitness be related to a heritable trait.
question
Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? A. Yes, drug-resistant cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-susceptible cells. B. Yes, drug-susceptible cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-resistant cells. C.No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.
answer
C.A cell's drug susceptibility or resistance does not affect its ability to infect another host, although a cell's drug resistance would increase that cell's chances to spread in an environment containing antibiotics due to increased survival.
question
Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? A. The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. B.The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. C.The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts travel worldwide and are exposed to new strains of bacteria. D.The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment of antibacterial soaps.
answer
B.Bacterial cells have higher fitness when they are drug resistant in the new environment in which people have been medicated with antibiotics.
question
In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer? A. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers. B. The corn borers must experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. C.The corn borer must lack variation in resistance to the toxic protein. D.The corn borers must experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce.
answer
A.If all these conditions are true, then the corn borer might evolve resistance to the toxic protein.
question
True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.
answer
TRUE. In an environment without antibiotics, individual cells probably would not differ in their reproductive rates or their survival. Without the application of the drug (antibiotic), it would be very difficult to analyze any differences—one wouldn't even be able to sort the cells!
question
Charles Darwin _____. A. proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution B.was the first to realize that fossils are remains of ancient organisms C.was the first person to conclude that organisms evolve D.eagerly published his theory before it was well-developed E.proposed that unused parts of the body deteriorate
answer
A. Although Wallace submitted his work for publication first, Darwin's work was known to have pre-dated Wallace's work and was much more detailed; therefore, Darwin was given credit for the theory.
question
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? A.Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. B.Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. C.Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. C.Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution.
answer
B. Individuals who are better able to survive and reproduce are more likely to be selected for than individuals who don't survive or cannot reproduce.
question
Which term describes a Which trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? A.Fitness B.Adaptation C.Heritability D.Evolution
answer
B.An adaptation is a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment.
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Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? A.Adaptation B. Fitness C. Heritability D.Evolution
answer
C. Heritability is the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring.
question
Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? A. A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language. B.A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. C.A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual. D. A rabbit that is housebroken.
answer
B. A cow's ability to produce milk is a heritable trait that can be manipulated by artificial selection.
question
Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? A.Large hen, small rooster B. Large hen, large rooster C.Small hen, large rooster D.Small hen, small rooster
answer
B. Large parents should be bred to produce larger offspring.
question
A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? A. A and E B. B and B C. A and B D. C and E
answer
A.This cross would result in an average corn yield of 189.5 bushels/acre and have a medium-high drought resistance, which is the best you can get for both traits.