Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
A. spleen and thymus
B. appendix and spleen
C. lymph nodes and tonsils
D. bone marrow and thymus
answer
D. bone marrow and thymus
The B lymphocytes are named B cells because they mature in the Bursa of Fabricus (a lymphoid organ of birds, where they were first discovered) and the T lymphocytes are named T cells because they mature in the Thymus. This is also where they become immunocompetent.
question
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
A. Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus
B. white pulp of the spleen
C. germinal centers of the lymph nodes
D. red pulp of the spleen
answer
B. white pulp of the spleen
The white pulp is where lymphocytes are concentrated and the immune functions take place in the spleen.
question
Where in the lymph node to the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
A. lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex
B. medullary cords in the medulla
C. deep in the cortex
D. germinal centers of the cortex
answer
C. deep in the cortex
The T cells encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells in the deeper part of the cortex. The cortex is the outer area of the lymph node.
question
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
A. appendix
B. Peyer's patches
C. tonsils
answer
B. Peyer's patches
Peyer's patches are located in the small intestine, and they guard against bacteria from the large intestine.
question
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
A. spleen
B. thymus
C. lymph nodes
answer
B. Thymus
The relative size of the thymus as well as its function decreases with age. Thymic atrophy may be one reason the elderly are more susceptible to infection.
question
Besides lymph nodes, where would you expect to find proliferating (dividing) B cells?
A. in the thyroid
B. in the skin
C. in the brain
D. in the spleen
answer
D. in the spleen
question
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?
A. small heart-like pumps
B. gravity
C. the milking action of muscles
D. pulmonary motion
answer
A. small heart-like pumps
There is no direct pumping action in the lymphatic system. Movement of fluid depends on factors such as gravity and body movement.
question
Adjacent cells in lymphatic capillaries overlap each other loosely. What is the unique structural modification that increases their permeability?
A. lacteals
B. fibroblasts
C. minivalves
D. trabeculae
answer
C. minivalves
Minivalves are overlapping endothelial cells that allow fluid into the vessels but will not let fluid out.
question
Which of the following promotes closure of the minivalves associated with lymph capillaries?
A. inflammation of tissues surrounding lymphatic capillaries
B. anchoring of endothelial cells to adjacent structures by collagen fibers
C. increasing pressure in the interstitial space
D. increasing pressure inside the lymph capillary
answer
D. increasing pressure inside the lymph capillary
Minivalves will allow fluid in when external pressure exceeds internal pressure but will prevent fluid loss when the pressures are reversed.
question
Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?
A. the digestive organs and lower limbs
B. the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and the thorax
C. the right upper limb, the right side of the head and thorax, and the right lower limb
D. the left upper limb, the left side of the head and thorax, and both lower limbs
answer
B. the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and the thorax
Lymphatic materials from the right side of the body above the diaphragm enter the venous circulation via the right lymphatic duct.
question
What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk returns lymph?
A. lacteals
B. thoracic duct
C. cisterna chyli
D. right lymphatic duct
answer
C. cisterna chyli
The cisterna chyli passes lymph from the entire body below the diaphragm into the thoracic duct for return to the heart.
question
Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?
A. the lumbar, inguinal, and femoral regions
B. the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions
C. the cervical, acromial, and mammary regions
D. the axillary, brachial, and subclavian regions
answer
B. the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions
The neck, inguinal area, and armpits have large clusters of lymph nodes to protect major areas of the body. They are located where collecting lymphatic vessels converge to form trunks.
question
Once collected, lymph ultimately drains into __________.
A. venous circulation
B. the liver for detoxification
C. arterial circulation
D. lymph nodes
answer
A. venous circulation
From the terminal lymphatic ducts, lymph rejoins venous circulation via the subclavian veins.
question
Which statement describes the origin of lymph fluid?
A. Lymph is secreted into the lymph vessels.
B. Lymph is collected from atrial to venous anastomoses.
C. Lymph is collected from fluid that accumulates in veins as blood slowly circulates.
D. Lymph is excess fluid formed from plasma that accumulates in the tissues as interstitial fluid.
answer
D. Lymph is excess fluid formed from plasma that accumulates in the tissues as interstitial fluid.
Some of the excess fluid that leaks out of capillaries at the arterial end due to bulk flow is not returned to the blood at the venous end and instead becomes lymph.
question
Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?
A. tonsils
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. Peyer's Patches
answer
C. spleen
The spleen harbors macrophages that ingest and recycle materials from erythrocytes that have aged or become damaged.
question
Which lymph cells produce antibodies?
A. macrophages
B. plasma cells
C. reticular cells
D. dendritic cells
answer
B. plasma cells
Activated B cells, called plasma cells, are responsible for producing antibodies.
question
What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?
A. subcapsular sinus
B. cortex
C. hilus
D. medulla
answer
B. cortex
The lymphoid follicles of the cortex contain germinal centers dominated by B cells, which produce antibodies against antigenic agents.
question
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?
A. They produce lymph.
B. They return lymph to circulation.
C. They produce red blood cells.
D. They filter lymph.
answer
D. They filter lymph.
Lymph nodes are rich with macrophages, B cells, and T cells; therefore, the lymph nodes are primed for activating the immune system. Structurally, lymph nodes have a capsule and medullary chords and sinuses that serve to filter lymph fluid.
question
Which part of the spleen is the site of immune function?
A. white pulp
B. splenic cords
C. red pulp
D. splenic sinusoids
answer
A. white pulp
The white pulp of the spleen contains reticular fibers with suspended lymphocytes. These lymphocytes cleanse blood and are an important part of immunological surveillance and response.
question
After surgical removal of the spleen (i.e., a splenectomy), some other organs take over most of its functions. Which of the following spleen functions in the adult can be performed by bone marrow?
A. immune surveillance
B. erythropoiesis
C. removal of aged and damaged red blood cells from the blood
D. storage of platelets
answer
C. removal of aged and damaged red blood cells from the blood
The bone marrow lacks mature macrophages. Macrophages are essential in the destruction of red blood cells in the spleen.
question
Which of the following lymph organs is NOT matched with its function?
A. bone marrow: form lymphocytes
B. thymus: mature T cells
C. spleen: remove red blood cells
D. Peyer's patches: mature B cells
answer
D. Peyer's patches: mature B cells
Peyer's patches are lymphoid organs found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine.
question
Peyer's patches are mucosa-associated lymph tissue located in the __________.
A. wall of the colon
B. liver
C. spleen
D. wall of the small intestine
answer
D. wall of the small intestine
Peyer's patches, or aggregated lymphoid nodules, are located in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine.
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