Mastering A&P 2 CH 17 HW

-hormone production Correct The blood does not produce hormones but does provide for their transport throughout the body.

-fibrinogen Correct Fibrinogen comprises 4% of plasma and is an important component in the process of blood clotting.

-gamma globulins: lipid transport Correct Gamma globulins are also called immunoglobulins (or antibodies) and are part of the immune response.

-reduced availability of oxygen Correct Reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys will result in the release of erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn promotes the release of more erythrocytes from the bone marrow.

-four Correct Each iron atom on a heme group can bind reversibly with one oxygen molecule.

-bone marrow Correct The bone marrow, specifically red marrow, is the site of blood cell production and is stimulated by erythropoietin.

-pernicious anemia Correct A glycoprotein called intrinsic factor, produced by the stomach, is required to absorb adequate vitamin B12. Pernicious anemia results when the stomach does not produce adequate intrinsic factor, often because the cells that produce it are attacked by the body's immune system.

-hyperventilating Correct Hyperventilating leads to an above-normal level of oxygen in the blood, which would not stimulate RBC production.

-liver Correct As RBCs are broken down, the heme of their hemoglobin is split off from globin. Its core of iron is salvaged and stored for reuse. The balance of the heme group is degraded to bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is released into the blood. Liver cells pick up the bilirubin and in turn secrete it (in bile) into the intestine, where it is metabolized to urobilinogen. Most of this degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, as a brown pigment called stercobilin.

-sickle-cell anemia Correct In sickle-cell anemia, the havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule. This alteration causes the beta chains to link together under low-oxygen conditions, forming stiff rods so that HbS becomes spiky and sharp. This, in turn, causes the red blood cells to become crescent shaped when they unload oxygen molecules or when the oxygen content of the blood is lower than normal. The stiff, deformed RBCs rupture easily and tend to jam up in small blood vessels. These events interfere with oxygen delivery, leaving the victims gasping for air and in extreme pain. Bone and chest pain are particularly severe, and infection and stroke often follow.

-eosinophil Correct The most important role of eosinophils is to lead the counterattack against parasitic worms, such as flatworms and roundworms that are too large to be phagocytized.

-neutrophils: produce antibodies Correct Neutrophils are active phagocytes that ingest bacteria and some fungi. Antibodies are produced by certain types of leukocytes.

-He is dehydrated from the flu. Correct If your patient is severely ill and not drinking enough fluids, especially if he has a fever, the ratio of cells to fluid will be shifted.

-platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation. Correct Platelet chemicals initiate the intrinsic pathway, but tissue factors released from damaged endothelium start the extrinsic pathway for coagulation in motion.

-plasmin Correct As healing progresses, the clot retraction process reduces the size of the clot, while plasminogen is activated into plasmin that digests the fibrin in the clot.

-thrombin Correct Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. This is the final step in coagulation.

-one is faster than the other. Correct The extrinsic pathway is faster than the intrinsic pathway, which has many intermediate steps.

-excess calcium in the diet Correct Calcium is essential for clotting pathways; a deficiency (not an excess) of calcium could lead to a bleeding disorder.

-Type O blood can safely be given to recipients with type B blood. Correct Type O blood, which does not contain either A or B agglutinogens, will not cross react with the anti-A agglutinins found in a recipient person with type B blood.

-AB Correct Type AB blood is considered to be the universal recipient because neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins) are present.

-B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby Correct Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies are not preformed (i.e., a person doesn't produce them until they've been exposed to Rh-antigens for the first time). This initial exposure can occur when the Rh-negative mother carries her first Rh-positive baby. The first such pregnancy usually results in the delivery of a healthy baby. But during this pregnancy and particularly during delivery, the mother may be sensitized by her baby's Rh-positive antigens that pass into her bloodstream. If so, she will form anti-Rh antibodies unless treated with RhoGAM during pregnancy and around the time of delivery. RhoGAM is a serum containing anti-Rh antibodies. By agglutinating the Rh factor, it blocks the mother's immune response and prevents her sensitization. If the mother is not treated and becomes pregnant again with another Rh-positive baby, her antibodies will cross through the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs, producing the condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

-Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood. Correct A person with type B blood can only give blood to people of type AB and B blood. The type O recipient has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma, which would produce a transfusion reaction with the B-antigens from the type B blood.

-PRBCs contain hemoglobin, so they are able to carry oxygen to the tissues. Correct The PRBCs contain oxygen-carrying hemoglobin. While the saline replaces lost blood volume, it cannot replace the hemoglobin in the lost RBCs.

-A positive, A negative, O positive, and O negative Correct He can safely receive A and O blood.