Lecture Test 2

Which pairing is matched correctly regarding the structure of an artery? a) tunica media - thinnest layer, consists of elastic and collagen fibers b) tunica intima - consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers c) tunica externa - consists of simple squamous cells, called exothelium d) tunica intima - has a basement membrane and an internal layer of simple squamous epithelium e) tunica media - layer closest to the lumen

Which is a TRUE statement? a) elastic arteries are also known as distributing arteries b) muscular arteries act as a pressure reservoir c) an example of a muscular artery is the brachial artery d) elastic arteries are medium-sized arteries e) elastic arteries have greater vasoconstriction abilities

Which is not a feature of the capillaries? a) are located near almost every cell in the body b) connect arterioles to veins c) smallest of all vessels d) are absent in the cornea e) consist of a single layer of cells in their walls

Of the following vessel types, which conduct blood toward the heart, regardless of oxygen content? Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Veins

Of the following blood vessel components, which is the most critical in regulating systemic blood pressure? Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa Venous valves

Which of the following is NOT true of lymph and the lymphatic system? a) it returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood b) it responds to certain microbes and abnormal cells c) it contains red blood cells d) it carries fat-soluble vitamins e) lymph may be clear or milky

All of the following are true of lymphatic vessels EXCEPT: a) they are not found in cartilage b) are called lacteals in the mammary glands c) have thinner walls than veins d) lie in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin e) have more valves than veins

The area drained by the thoracic duct is

Which statement accurately describes the thymus? a) decreases in size by about one-half as a person ages b) is the site of B cells maturity c) is located between the upper portion of the lungs d) no T cells are left in the thymus in older age e) is a single-lobed organ overlying the esophagus

The organ that is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ is the? a) red bone marrow b) spleen c) tonsils d) lymph nodes

Lymphatic fluid is moved by all of the factors below EXCEPT Pressure in the interstitial space Milking action of skeletal muscle contractions Respiratory movements Pumping action of the heart

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen? The red pulp consists of lymphatic tissue The white pulp contains blood-filled venous sinuses The white pulp is where platelets are stored and old red cells are destroyed by macrophage The white pulp is where lymphocytes and macrophages carry out immune function The red pulp is predominately adipose tissue

Which of the following is NOT a defense barrier involved with innate defenses? a) mucus b) fluids secreted by the lacrimal apparatus c) flow of urine d) sebum e) all of these choices are protective barriers

Which of the following is NOT part of the internal defense system? a) macrophages b) erythrocytes c) interferons d) transferrins e) epithelial cells

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens? a) are also called human leukocyte antigens b) are a major reason for tissue rejection in transplantation surgery c) mark each body cell surface except the white blood cells d) primary function is to aid the T cells in recognizing foreign antigens e) there are two major types

The result of activating TH1 rather than TH2 cells, or vice versa, is to activate different types of immune responses because different cytokines activate different cells. True or False

Which antigen is not considered an exogenous antigen? a) bacteria b) pollen c) parasitic worms d) dust e) intracellular viruses

Why would a patient with no thymus lack an effective humoral immune response? B cells develop into plasma cells in the thymus. T cells are responsible for humoral immunity. B cells are produced in the thymus. Certain T cells are required to activate B cells into antibody-producing cells.

How are T cells "introduced" to antigens?

All foreign molecules are immunogenic. Antigenic? True or False

The surface molecule on a T cell that is functionally equivalent to the immunoglobulin on a B cell is

The adaptive immune response depends on the antigen presentation process for its initiation, and will therefore not occur in its absence. True or False

Which is NOT true in the comparison of natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes? a) macrophages are major phagocytes b) NK cells are more specific than B and T lymphocytes c) macrophages get rid of cellular debris d) NK cells secrete a substance that creates holes in the membrane of a microbe e) macrophages can remain in a tissue or travel throughout the body

Which is NOT a sign or symptom of ACUTE inflammation? a) contracture of tissue b) triggering of nociceptors c) erythema d) loss of function e) localized increase in tissue size

) The process by which phagocytes exit capillaries and enter injured tissue is called _________.

A patient has contracted the hepatitis C virus. Which of the following drug therapies might be effective? Aspirin Interferon Penicillin Ibuprofen

The development of the ability to carry out immune responses by certain cells is called:

) Which is NOT true of the cytokines: a) are small proteins b) have been used to fight cancer c) can influence cell growth d) are secreted by erythrocytes e) include the interleukins and interferons

Which statement is FALSE regarding cytotoxic T cells? a) release granzymes that trigger apoptosis b) each cytotoxic T cell "dies" after inactivating an antigen c) require stimulation by other cytokines to become activated d) release perforin that promotes cytolysis of target cells e) responsible for lasting "memory" of antigens

Transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs are more susceptible to certain cancers due to suppression of immunological surveillance. True or False

The most abundant class of immunoglobulins is:

Which of the following is NOT considered an antibody action to disable antigens? a) deactivates the complement system b) neutralizes bacterial toxins c) causes clumping of pathogens d) decreases motility of antigens e) activates phagocytosis

Which statement describes the complement system CORRECTLY? a) a capital letter followed by a lower case letter signifies the inactive form b) The alternate pathway does not cause the activation of C3 c) C3b is responsible for opsonization d) has a role in decreasing inflammation by causing release of histamine e) is a defensive system primarily made up of many different lipids

Which statement is TRUE about immunological memory? a) the primary response is more powerful than the secondary b) cytotoxic T cells differentiate into memory cells upon a second exposure to an antigen c) the use of vaccinations is based on the concept of immunological memory d) there is an immediate rise in serum antibodies upon exposure to an antigen e) memory cells can only survive up to several weeks

The lack of reactivity to the body's own proteins is known as:

How is the cytotoxic T cell mechanism of action similar to that of complement? Cytotoxic T cells activate B cells to produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells induce cell lysis with perforin, a protein similar to complement's MAC. Cytotoxic T cells secrete the proteins that activate complement. Cytotoxic T cells are antigen-presenting cells similar to the complement proteins found on B cells.

The process of attaching complement proteins to the bacterial cell wall to enhance phagocytosis is called _________.

These are the smallest blood vessels in our body.

This is the muscular layer of blood vessels.

Venules unite to form ________.

All of the following would be found in large arteries except: a. elastic tissue. b. smooth muscle. c. endothelium. d. valves.

Which of the following is not a type of capillary? a. Fenestrated b. Sinusoidal c. Continuous d. Distributing

These vessels carry blood toward the heart.

The exchange between blood vessels and cells occurs here.

These vessels are able to constrict.

Sinusoids are a highly modified form of these vessels.

These vessels also serve as a blood reservoir.

If you have a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, what is your diastolic pressure? a. 40 mmHg b. 80 mmHg c. 120 mmHg d. 200 mmHg

If you have a blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg, what is your pulse pressure? a. 30 mmHg b. 80 mmHg c. 110 mmHg d. 190 mmHg

An increase in peripheral resistance would have what effect on blood pressure?

Which of the following blood vessel types have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? a. Arteries b. Arterioles c. Veins d. Venules

Gaining weight may increase blood pressure because increased adipose tissue causes an increase in ________.

This part of the nervous system is responsible for vasomotor tone.

Baroreceptors in our arteries respond to ________.

The aortic reflex sends ______________.

Long-term mechanisms control blood pressure by:

The renin-angiotensin mechanism stimulates the release of which hormone?

Which of the following is not a branch off the arch of the aorta? a. Left common carotid artery b. Right subclavian artery c. Brachiocephalic artery d. Left subclavian artery

The first portion of the aorta is called the ________

In which of the following tissues would low oxygen levels cause vasoconstriction? a. Skeletal muscle b. Heart c. Brain d. Lungs

These arteries supply 80% of the cerebrum.

Which of the following helps force fluids out of the blood into the tissues? a. Colloid osmotic pressure b. Capillary hydrostatic pressure c. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure d. Interstitial osmotic pressure

A series of vessels that connect two capillary beds is a(n) _______.

Once fluid enters the lymphatic system it is called ________.

The thoracic duct receives lymph from _________. a. the upper left body b. the upper right body c. the lower body d. both a and c

Fluid enters the lymphatic system directly from the _________

Lymphatic capillaries are absent from: a. the central nervous system. b. bones. c. teeth. d. all of the above.

These highly specialized lymph capillaries are found in the intestinal mucosa.

These cells produce the fiber stroma of the lymph organs.

Isolated areas of lymphoid follicles found in the intestinal mucosa are called ________.

These cells are able to produce antibodies.

These cells populate the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles.

All of the following statements are true of most lymph tissues except: a. they house lymphocytes and macrophages. b. they are largely composed of reticular connective tissue. c. they are the site of lymphocyte proliferation. d. the B lymphocytes are able to secrete antigens into the blood.

These connective tissue strands divide lymph nodes into compartments.

Large clusters of lymph nodes are found near the body surface in all of the following areas except the: a. axillary region. b. popliteal region. c. inguinal region. d. cervical region.

Plasma cells are concentrated in which portion of the lymph node?

Which cell in the lymph node has an active role in filtering the lymph?

Which cells of the lymph node perform a surveillance role?

The largest lymph organ in the human body is the _______.

This organ's stroma is composed of hormone-secreting epithelial cells.

This is the simplest of the lymphoid organs.

Macrophages would most likely be found in this portion of the spleen.

Blind-ended crypts are found in the ________.

All of the following statements are true of the spleen except: a. it stores platelets. b. it produces red blood cells in the fetus. c. it removes debris and foreign matter from the blood. d. it atrophies after puberty.

This organ ensures that the T lymphocytes are immunocompetent.

B cells are found in all of the following except: a. spleen. b. thymus. c. tonsil. d. appendix.

The lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens is the _______.

Which of the following is a function only of the lymph nodes and not the other lymphoid organs? a. Filter lymph b. Store lymphocytes c. Fight infection d. Generate memory lymphocytes

MALT would most likely be found here. a. Throat b. CNS c. Dermis d. Peritoneal cavity

Which of the following are not phagocytes? a. Kupffer cells b. Neutrophils c. Eosinophils d. Natural killer cells

Phagosomes fuse with what cell organelle of the phagocyte?

Neutrophils produce an antimicrobial chemical called ________.

The process in which antibodies coat foreign proteins is called ________.

Which of the following statements is not true of natural killer cells? a. They are specialized lymphocytes. b. They are part of the innate defense system. c. They react against very specific pathogens. d. They promote apoptosis.

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. Redness b. Bleeding c. Heat d. Pain

Neutrophils are able to squeeze through the capillary walls in a process called ________.

During the inflammation process the mast cells release _________, which causes vasodilation.

These cells are most numerous at the site of a chronic infection.

These proteins are released by infected cells and help protect surrounding uninfected cells.

Substances that provoke an immune response are called ________.

Which of the following is not true of our adaptive immune system? a. It is specific. b. It has memory. c. It is restricted to the initial infection site. d. It uses both antibodies and cells to fight infection.

The cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are ________.

Hypersensitivity is usually caused by _________.

The unresponsiveness of our lymphocytes to our own body cells is called _________.

Clone cells capable of secreting large amounts of antibodies are called ______.

The ability of antibodies to block specific sites on pathogens so that they cannot bind to cell receptors is called _______.

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

The first antibody class to be released into the bloodstream during an immune response is ________.

This antibody class is able to pass through the placenta to protect the fetus.

This cell mediates the body's cellular immune response.

These cells promote antibody production by the B cells.

This cell is responsible for tissue graft rejection

These cells suppress the immune system and help prevent autoimmune diseases.

Class II MHC proteins would be found on all of the following except: a. dendritic cells. b. macrophages. c. B cells. d. neutrophils.

AIDS is so devastating to our immune system because it destroys