Information Security Chapter 2

Compared to Web site defacement, vandalism within a network is less malicious in intent and more public.

A mail bomb is a form of DoS.

Intellectual property is defined as "the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas."

Information security's primary mission is to ensure that systems and their contents retain their confidentiality at all costs.

Once a(n) back door has infected a computer, it can redistribute itself to all e-mail addresses found on the infected system.

Cyberterrorists hack systems to conduct terrorist activities via network or Internet pathways.

A firewall is a mechanism that keeps certain kinds of network traffic out of a private network.

Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where they're sometimes called packet sniffers.

A(n) polymorphic threat is one that over time changes the way it appears to antivirus software programs, making it undetectable by techniques that look for preconfigured signatures.

Hackers are "people who use and create computer software to gain access to information illegally."

DoS attacks cannot be launched against routers.

The term phreaker is now commonly associated with an individual who cracks or removes software protection that is designed to prevent unauthorized duplication.

Two watchdog organizations that investigate allegations of software abuse: SIIA and NSA.

A worm can deposit copies of itself onto all Web servers that the infected system can reach, so that users who subsequently visit those sites become infected.

Organizations can use dictionaries to disallow passwords during the reset process and thus guard against easy-to-guess passwords.

Packet kiddies use automated exploits to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks.

With electronic information is stolen, the crime is readily apparent.

When voltage levels surge (experience a momentary increase), the extra voltage can severely damage or destroy equipment.

The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password is called a brute crack attack.

An act of theft performed by a hacker falls into the category of "theft," but is also often accompanied by defacement actions to delay discovery and thus may also be placed within the category of "forces of nature."

A worm requires that another program is running before it can begin functioning.

With the removal of copyright protection, software can be easily distributed and installed.

Information security safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization.

Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God can present some of the most dangerous threats, because they are usually occur with very little warning and are beyond the control of people.

A sniffer program shows all the data going by on a network segment including passwords, the data inside files—such as word-processing documents—and screens full of sensitive data from applications.

A number of technical mechanisms—digital watermarks and embedded code, copyright codes, and even the intentional placement of bad sectors on software media—have been used to enforce copyright laws.

The malicious code attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information.

One form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS is called a mail spoof, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target.

The macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a computer's boot sector.

Expert hackers are extremely talented individuals who usually devote lots of time and energy to attempting to break into other people's information systems.

A timing attack involves the interception of cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms.

The shoulder looking technique is used in public or semipublic settings when individuals gather information they are not authorized to have by looking over another individual's shoulder or viewing the information from a distance.

Attacks conducted by scripts are usually unpredictable.

Much human error or failure can be prevented with training and ongoing awareness activities.

A(n) cookie can allow an attacker to collect information on how to access password-protected sites.

In a ____ attack, the attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target.

In the context of information security, ____________________ is the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the attacker.

____ is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge.

Attempting to reverse-calculate a password is called ____________________.

The ____ data file contains the hashed representation of the user's password.

____ are software programs that hide their true nature, and reveal their designed behavior only when activated.

A(n) ____________________ is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program environment.

A ____ is an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time.

"4-1-9" fraud is an example of a ____ attack.

A momentary low voltage is called a(n) ____________________.

When information gatherers employ techniques that cross the threshold of what is legal or ethical, they are conducting industrial ____________________.

Duplication of software-based intellectual property is more commonly known as software ____________________.

Acts of ____ can lead to unauthorized real or virtual actions that enable information gatherers to enter premises or systems they have not been authorized to enter.

____ are machines that are directed remotely (usually by a transmitted command) by the attacker to participate in an attack.

Script ____________________ are hackers of limited skill who use expertly written software to attack a system.

Which of the following is an example of a Trojan horse program?

A(n) ____________________ is an object, person, or other entity that represents an ongoing danger to an asset.

In the well-known ____ attack, an attacker monitors (or sniffs) packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network.

____________________ is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, wherein the intruder sends messages with a source IP address that has been forged to indicate that the messages are coming from a trusted host.

____________________ is unsolicited commercial e-mail.

____ is an integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, and legal agreements that can be used to support the entire information infrastructure of an organization.

A(n) ____________________ is an identified weakness in a controlled system, where controls are not present or are no longer effective.

The ____ hijacking attack uses IP spoofing to enable an attacker to impersonate another entity on the network.

A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform ____________________ actions.

A(n) ____________________ is an application error that occurs when more data is sent to a program buffer than it is designed to handle.

According to Mark Pollitt, ____ is the premeditated, politically motivated attacks against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.

There are generally two skill levels among hackers: expert and ____.

Which of the following functions does information security perform for an organization?

A virus or worm can have a payload that installs a(n) ____________________ door or trap door component in a system, which allows the attacker to access the system at will with special privileges.

As frustrating as viruses and worms are, perhaps more time and money is spent on resolving virus ____.

A(n) ____________________ is an act that takes advantage of a vulnerability to compromise a controlled system.

ESD means electrostatic ____________________.

Some information gathering techniques are quite legal, for example, using a Web browser to perform market research. These legal techniques are called, collectively, competitive ____________________.

A(n) ____________________ hacks the public telephone network to make free calls or disrupt services.

Web hosting services are usually arranged with an agreement providing minimum service levels known as a(n) ____.

The timing attack explores the contents of a Web browser's ____________________.

Microsoft acknowledged that if you type a res:// URL (a Microsoft-devised type of URL) which is longer than ____ characters in Internet Explorer 4.0, the browser will crash.

One form of online vandalism is ____ operations, which interfere with or disrupt systems to protest the operations, policies, or actions of an organization or government agency.

Complete loss of power for a moment is known as a ____.

The expert hacker sometimes is called ____________________ hacker.