Industrialization

26 August 2022
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question
What is Industrialization?
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The process of developing machine production of goods.
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What was the Industrial Revolution?
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A great increase in the output of machine made goods that began in England in the middle of the 1700s.
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What lead to the increased demands for goods? Why did the need for Industrialization increase?
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Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate for progress.
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Why did it begin in Britain?
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The country had many natural resources, and the industrialization required them. Britain's economy was also expanding, and people were encouraged by bank loans to invest in machinery.
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What were some of the natural resources in Britain and how were they put to use?
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Water power and coal to fuel machines, iron ore to construct machines and buildings, rivers for transportation, and harbors to allow merchant ships to come and go.
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Where did it spread to after England?
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Continental Europe and North America.
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How did the Agricultural Revolution begin?
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Large landowners began buying up land that was owned by small farmers. They began to improve farming methods.
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What were Enclosures?
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Fenced in areas of farmland that allowed farmers to cultivate much larger fields. They also could experiment and find more ways to be productive.
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What were the Factories used for?
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They were built by wealthy textile merchants and were used to produce in mass.
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How did factories affect farming?
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By the 1800s, you could earn more working in a factory than on a farm, so people flocked to cities for jobs. There were not enough jobs for everyone, so cities became crowded with people looking for work.
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How did the period of Urbanization begin?
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People came from rural areas to urban areas for jobs in factories. Between 1800 and 1825, the number of cities with 100,000+ people rose from 22 to 47.
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What was the Railway Age?
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Steam driven machinery powered English factories in the late 1700s. The railroad locomotive drove the English industry after 1820.
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How did Industrialization change life in Britain?
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At first, it improved the quality of life, but went on to cause people to suffer. The amount of jobs increased, but they were in unhealthy working conditions and made children work long hours for little pay.
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How did industrialization affect the living and labor conditions for the working class in the early years of the industriali revolution?
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Cities grew rapidly, so there were no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes. It lead to inadequate housing, education and law enforcement. Garbage piled in the streets. People lived in close quarters and caused diseases to spread quicker. The average lifespan in urban areas was 17 (38 in rural areas).
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What were the working conditions in factories like?
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To increase productivity, workers spent 14 hours a day, 6 days a week working. They had no days off. The buildings would be poorly lit and cramped, with dangerous machinery. Many children and women worked in coal mines because they were a cheap source of labor.
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What was Laissez-faire?
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An economic policy of letting owners of industries and businesses set worked conditions without interference. It favors a free market policy unregulated by the government. French for "let do". It stemmed from French economic philosophers of the enlightenment who argued that with the idea that nations grow wealthy by placing high tariffs on foreign goods. Based on three theories: the law of self interest, competition and supply/demand.
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Why did Laissez-faire thinkers oppose government efforts to help poor workers?
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They thought that giving them minimum wage and better working conditions would upset the free market system.
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Who made up the middle class during this time?
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Factory owners, shippers, and merchants.
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How did Class Tension begin?
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There was such a big gap between people in the middle class. The richer began to look down on the poor.
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How did the middle class transform?
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The middle class became larger and larger and were considered neither rich or poor. There was now a lower middle class and an upper middle class.
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Who made up the upper middle class?
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Government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines and shops.
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Who made up the lower middle class?
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Factory overseers, toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers who enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.
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Why did living conditions for the working class gradually improve over the course of the 19th century?
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Workers wanted reforms and began to create unions where they would go on strike or refuse to work. Workers with certain special skills joined this process because their skills gave them bargaining power. The government took away their rights to form unions, but the law workers joined anyway. All of this lead to parliament passing a bill that helped working women and children in 1847.
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What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?
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It created jobs for workers, contributed to the wealth of the nation, increased the production of goods which eventually lead to a raised standard of living, healthier diets, better housing, cheaper mass produced clothing, higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions after labor unions were formed.
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What were the long term effects of the Industrial Revolution?
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People in industrialized countries can afford consumer goods that used to be considered luxuries, profits produced from the industrial revolution produced tax revenues which have funded urban improvement and raised the standard of living of most city dwellers.
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Why did industrialization help to lead to Western imperialistic domination of non-industrialized countries?
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The industrial revolution provided Europeans with a reason to add lands to their control because they were searching for new markets in raw materials to improve their economies.
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What is Capitalism?
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An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
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What is Utilitarianism?
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The belief that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness.
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What is Socialism?
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The belief that factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
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How does Socialism tie into the Industrial Revolution?
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Theorists believed that the government should intervene and improve people's lives. They argued that the government should plan the economy rather than rely upon free market capitalism. They also wanted the government to control factories, mines, and railways in order to end poverty.
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What is Marxism?
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Created by Karl Marx. Would eventually bring on communism, a form of complete socialism where all means of production would be owned by all people.
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What did Karl Marx predict?
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They predicted that the working class would rise up and overthrow the owners and that the factories would put small artisans out of business. The proletariat would revolt and seize power from the capitalists. Workers would then share the wealth and it would produce economic equality. Eventually the government would wither away.