GLY 1102 Midterm

25 July 2022
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What type of plant did not evolve until near the end of the age of dinosaurs?
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Angiosperms or flowering plants
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Ginkgo trees
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all of these ( once disappeared, except in China; have a bi-lobed leaf; were a main food source of herbivore dinosaurs; are represented by a single living species)
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Variability within a species is known as its:
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phenotypic variation
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The earliest forests on Earth were what type of plants?
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spore-producing plants that lived in wet lowlands
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__ was composed of Europe, part of Asia and North America
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Laurasia
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The vertebrae over the hips are called
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sacral
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Sclerocephalus, Buttneria and Seymouria were:
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early non-amniotic tetrapods
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Jurassic eolian sandstones are widespread in the western interior of the United States.
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true
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Some of the skin pavement tubercles illustrated by Osborn(1912) are arranged into cluster areas.
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true
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Sea level was higher than today for much of the Cretaceous Period because:
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all of these contributed to higher sea level: there was little or no glaciation, thermal expansion of the ocean, faster than normal rates of seafloor spreading
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Cycads and ginkgoes were common Mesozoic plants and still can be found in Gainesville, Florida.
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true
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__ refers to the upper opening of the temporal region of the skull
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Supratemporal fenestra
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The large Pangean supercontinent, with only a few stray landmasses unassembled, extended from pole to pole
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True
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The ___ are early conifers that were common in the middle to late Mesozoic:
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Araucaria
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For most of the Mesozoic, dinosaurs were unable to migrate between North and South America.
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True
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___ plants are those lacking specialized cells for the movement of nutrients and water.
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Non-vascular
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A clade of diapsids that includes living lizards, monitors and snakes is the:
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Lepidosauria
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The shoulder girdle of the dinosaur consists of:
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scapula and small coracoid
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The scapula is the largest bone of the shoulder girdle.
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True
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Marsh and Cope were field partners throughout their lengthy careers
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False
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The extremely large flattened bone at the shoulder of this sauropod is the ___
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scapula
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The first dinosaur found in the eastern US was found in this state:
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New Jersey
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Charles Darwin took his influential voyage of discovery on this ship:
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HMS Beagle
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All feathers of dinosaurs are of the downy type
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False
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dinosaur egg-shells have conductance values less than that of bird(avian) egg-shells.
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False
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_____ are cone-bearing gymnosperms with seeds resting on the projecting scales of their cones.
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Conifers
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The most prolific finds of dinosaur remains in the United States, during the late 1800's to early 1900's, came from this region.
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the West
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The three main bones of the hind limb are the:
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femur, fibula and tibia
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During the Mesozoic, these plants would have dominated dry, cool regions with poor soil:
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conifers
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During some of the Cretaceous Period the difference in temperature between the equator and poles was what in relation to today's gradient?
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one-half of today's gradient
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By the Late Jurassic, the Atlantic had not yet formed north of Spain
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True
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The coracoid is connected to the
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scapula
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Edward Hitchcock, a president and professor at Amherst College, described, illustrated, and collected dinosaur footprints from:
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The Connecticut Valley
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This ancient group of conifers were common during the Mesozoic Era and are still living today:
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Araucarians
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A system of biological classification was established by _____ in the eighteenth century.
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Most of the mass death assemblages of dinosaurs in the US are of what age
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Jurassic
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all mammals are synapsids
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true
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Higher average temperatures cause some expansion of ocean waters and raise sea levels
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True
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The first word of a binomial species name is that of its:
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Genus
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The three geologic time periods of the Mesozoic are, from oldest to youngest:
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Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
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Monsoons occur where large atmospheric pressure gradients occur between a landmass and the adjacent ocean. Winds off the ocean bring rainfall to the adjacent landmass when atmospheric pressures over the landmass are _________ than over the ocean.
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lower
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______ are seed-producing plants where the seed is exposed (not enclosed, e.g., woody scales of a pine cone).
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Gymnosperms
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During the Mesozoic, North America was near the equator
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True
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The natural variability of inherited characteristics of a species is known as its ______.
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phenotypic variation
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Edward Hitchcock collected dinosaur footprints from:
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the Connecticut River Valley
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Licenses are often required for import and export of equipment and fossils.
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True
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This group of plants that was extinct except in Asia but later reintroduced to the rest of the world by man:
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ginkgoes
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The external texture, internal structure, and composition of dinosaur eggs is vastly different from that of modern egg-layers.
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False
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Charles Darwin discovered the basic laws of heredity
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False
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punctuated equilibrium
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Most groups evolve in short, rapid spurts followed by longer periods with little to no change (stasis).
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Amniota
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Reproduce on land. Lay eggs with a water-preserving covering or giving live birth.
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Synapsida
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All mammals. These skulls differ from Tetrapod skulls because they have a low opening behind the eyes called a lower temporal fenestra.
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Dimetroden
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was one of the first big land carnivores able to kill large prey. Lived during early Permian.
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Reptilia
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Divided into four groups based on number and location of fenestra (openings) in their skulls.
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All living reptiles (minus Anapsida) are diapsid reptiles with two holes (temporal fenestra) on each side of their skulls
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True
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Lepidosaurmorpha
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Clade of diapsids includes living lizards, monitors and snakes and their ancestors.
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Archosaurmorpha
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"Ruling lizard shape." First lizards. Gave rise to crocs, dinos, pterosaurs and birds.
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Pterosauria
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"Winged lizard." Evolved in late Triassic. Largest flying animals of all time.
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Dinosauria
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fearful lizard. Archosaurian arose during the late Triassic and dominated until the end of the Cretaceous almost 130 million years ago
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The Saurischia
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Lizard-hipped dinosaurs, typically with short forelimbs, light bone structure, and bipedal mobility. Form two major groups: Sauropoda and Therapoda
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Sauropoda
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Large herbivores
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Therapoda
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Bipedal carnivores.
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The ___ gave rise to Lepidosauromorpha, Archosauria, Dinosauria and Pterosauria
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Diapsida
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Synapsids are diverse and underwent evolutionary radiation during the ____
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Late Paleozoic era
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Who coined the term "dinosauria"?
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Sir Richard Owen
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Ancestry of dinosaurs are divided into two major groups:
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Amniotes and non-amniotes
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Living groups of non-amniotic tetrapods and modern amphibians are now placed in
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Lissamphibia
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The amniota clade is divided into two major clades:
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Synapsids and Reptilia
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Dinosaur remains are more abundant in particular types of ____ rocks (shales, mudstones, etc)
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Sedimentary
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Mosasaurs
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Huge Mesozoic marine reptile
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William Buckland
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First credited publication of dinosaur remains in 1824.
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Average dinosaur contains approximately 300 bones
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True
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What are the six major parts of the dinosaur skeleton divided in to?
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The cranium, backbone, shoulder girdle, arms, hip girdle and legs.
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Cranium
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Skull, lower jaw and teeth.
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Inner part of the skull
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brain case
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Skull of most dinosaurs contain more than 30 different bones
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True
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Three pairs of bones comprise the _____ skull surface: Posterier Parietals, Frontals and Anterior nassals
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Dorsal
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cervical vertebrae
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Those of the neck, located between the head and back. Most dinosaurs had 9 to 10 but up to 19.
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dorsal vertebrae
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Those of the back, located between the cervical and sacral (hip) vertebrae. Most dinosaurs had 15 to 17.
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Sacral vertebrae
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Those of the hip region. Most dinosaurs had 3 to 5. The part of the backbone where hips attach is called the sacrum, usually formed by fused vertebrae.
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caudal vertebrae
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vertebrae of the tail
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The Shoulder Girdle
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Attached to ribs by muscles and tendons. Fixes the arm joints firmly to the body. Comparative to humans = collarbone and shoulder blade
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Humerus
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The upper forearm or foreleg that connects to the scapula at the shoulder
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Ulna
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Larger of the two lower forearm or leg bones. Outer to the Radius.
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Radius
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Smaller of the two lower forearm or leg bones. Inner to the ulna.
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Carpals
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bones of the wrist
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Hip Girdle
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The 3 pelvic bones converge laterally to form an opening on each side called the acetabulum.
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Acetabulum
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Opening in which the anterior end of the femur articulates with the pelvis
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Dinosaurs had a digitigrade
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walked on the digits with the posterior (back) of the foot more or less raised.
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Femur
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the single bone of the upper hind leg. Attaches at pelvis.
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Fibula
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The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg. Attached to the tibia.
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Tibia
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the larger bone of the lower leg bones
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Bones of ankles
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tarsals
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When was the first fossilized dinosaur skin cast found?
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1884 by Wortzam. From a Trachodon (now Edmontosaurus) from the upper Cretaceous.
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No dinosaur skin pigments have been discovered yet
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True
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When and where was the first 3-foot dinosaur with downy feathers found?
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1996 in Liaoning Province, China
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What kind of fault is the San Andreas Fault?
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Transform fault
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Fracture zones on the seafloor are parallel to the direction of plate motion.
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True
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Breccia
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Type of sedimentary rock composed of angular fragments of different size
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Chalk
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composed of microscopic marine algae
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Prolonged tropical chemical weathering produces soils rich in:
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Clay minerals
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Gypsum
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Sedimentary rock formed from evaporation of sea water
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Mudstone
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a blocky, poorly bedded, fine-grained sedimentary rock produced by the lithification of mud
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Shale
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A sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay. Has the smallest average grain size.
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Varves
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Finely-bedded sedimentary rocks (usually claystone to siltstones) often alternating between carbon-rich and carbon-poor beds
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Angular unconformity
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Separates rocks with beds at different angles above and below the unconformity.
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If a sediment is mostly clay, it could become ________ through compaction and lithificaiton
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Mudstone and or shale
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Which detrital sedimentary rock is composed of the finest grained materials?
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Mudstone
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Mudrocks
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most common detrital sedimentary rocks
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The continued warm climate of the late Cretaceous, higher average seafloor spreading rates resulted in:
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highest sea level of the Mesozoic
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Conifers became the dominant over cycads during the:
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Early Cretaceous
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During the _________, forests grew in coastal Antarctica and in Canada as far north as 85 degrees N latitude
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late Cretaceous
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During the Jurassic, western North America was covered by expansive eolian sands
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true
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During the Jurassic, Gondwana was NOT north of the Equator.
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True
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BY ____, sea level began to rise. It continued to a high level in the ____.
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middle Jurassic ; late Cretaceous
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Pangea break up was happening when?
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Late Jurassic
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Higher sea level increased the proximity of large land areas to the moisture of the ocean during Pangea break up
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True
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Climate in late Jurassic became more continental with less seasonality and drier
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true
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Late Jurassic sea level rise flooded the low-lying portions of continents, creating an ___-
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epicontinental sea.
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Rocks of the Upper Jurassic contain more diverse and abundant dinosaur fossils then those of the earlier Jurassic
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True
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Late Cretaceous sea level was so high it flooded the entire Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains of the US
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true
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Flowering trees and grasses evolved during the Middle Triassic
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False
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Dry and hot desert conditions persisted in many interior continental areas of Pangaea during the Early and Middle Jurassic
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True
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Particles that settle under the influence of gravity settle to more nearly vertical layers
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False
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Disconformity
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a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel
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In a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order
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true
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Superposition
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The principle that states in layered rocks (or strata) the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the younger layers are at the top.
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Pygostyle
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small Oriraptosaur was found in Mongolia with an early evolutionary type of tailbone
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First large forests of vascular plants filled wetlands during the ___
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Devonian Period
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A greater extent of semi-arid to arid climate existed in the interior of land masses during the ____.
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Triassic
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Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous was warm, wet and tropical.
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true
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original horizontality
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Principle stating that sedimentary rocks are deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers.
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Original Lateral Continuity
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The principle that explains the occurrence on opposite sides of a valley of similar rocks that seem once to have been connected.
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Cross-cutting relationships
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Disturbed rocks are older than those rocks which disturb them. Age of dinosaurs can often be determined by establishing the age of the unfaulted strata overlying the faulted strata.
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Nonconformity
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A type of unconformity in which layered sedimentary rocks lie on an erosion surface cut into igneous or metamorphic rocks
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frost action
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the weathering of rock by repeated freezing and melting of water
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pressure release
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A significant type of mechanical weathering that causes rocks to crack when overburden is removed.
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Mechanical weathering dominates over chemical weathering in cold climates
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True
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Chemical weathering proceeds more rapidly in hot, wet environments
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True (solution, oxidation and hydrolosis)
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Two main types of sedimentary rocks
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Detrital and chemical
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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
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rocks that form from the accumulation of materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering.
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chemical sedimentary rock
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rocks that form from the organic or inorganic precipitation of minerals from an aqueous solution or the accumulation of organic matter
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Fluvial environments have produced the greatest number of dinosaur remains
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true
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Plane bedding
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horiztontal and parallel beds
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Cross-bedding
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Depositional feature of sedimentary rock that forms as inclined layers of sediment are carried forward across a horizontal surface
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graded bedding
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Bedding in which the particle sizes become progressively heavier and coarser toward the bottom layers. Typically indicative of rapid deposition in water of a mass of sediment particles of different sizes.
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Disturbed bedding
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mixed or contorted from earthquakes or volcanoes.
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Ripple marks
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Little waves of sand that develop on a depositional surface
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Mud / Dessication cracks
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Indicative of periodic drying
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Sole marks
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Many dinosaur footprints occur as a sole mark