Federal Government Chapter 8

young people are far less likely to participate in politics than older people.

Although a majority of Asian Americans voted Republican in the 1990s, in the 2000s they have been voting increasingly Democratic.

African Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than whites.

Voter identification laws in the states disproportionately affect minority citizens and the less affluent.

Government officials hoped it would lead to a decline in disruptive student protests

Youth turnout rose in 2008 and most young people voted for Barack Obama.

more women than men vote for Democrats..

level of education, income, and occupational status

Although many young people feel that they can solve problems in their communities, most express a deep cynicism about politicians.

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North Dakota

Minnesota

All racial and ethnic groups in the United States are equally likely to have online access.

14

California

time, money, and effort

82

no state could prevent the right to vote on account of race.

congress

personal contact

5

mobilizing of voters

U.S. House elections

Indiana

33

draw young voters into participating politically.

state governments

Why has the level of participation in politics not increased as a result of the rising level of education among Americans?

toward the Democratic Party.

level of income, level of education, and prestige of occupation

community networks that motivate political participation.

Democratic, Republican

1965

The gender gap in voting behavior has always been about 20 percentage points since women's suffrage in 1920.

U.S. Chamber of Commerce

stringent voter ID laws have the effect of lowering overall turnout.

Walter Mondale received 80 percent of the evangelical Christian vote in 1984 to 20 percent for Ronald Reagan.

lower

Education level

Many states have laws restricting the voting rights of persons convicted of felonies

someone asks them to get involved.

Eighteen states granted women the right to vote before the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment. Many states allowed the direct election of U.S. senators before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment.

increase voter turnout in elections.

50

The protests created a grassroots backlash that caused the bills to lose support among many members of Congress.

Oregon

President Woodrow Wilson and members of Congress believed that women would support the war effort if they were granted the right to vote.

bills considered by Congress in 2012 to extend U.S. copyright laws beyond U.S. borders.

Republicans were better organized than Democrats in 2004.

sit-ins and marches

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voting

During the nineteenth century, political parties employed hundreds of thousands of workers to organize and mobilize voters.

twenty

diversity of national backgrounds and cultures

increase voter turnout in elections.

new media can be effectively used to mobilize offline participation in politics.

George W. Bush was narrowly re-elected. Same-sex ballot measures in several states may have helped to get George W. Bush reelected.

its success in mobilizing a large grassroots base

Republican Party

They disagree with the Republican Party's stance on immigration.

Latino American's

During the Vietnam War

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

visiting a candidate's website

line separating citizens with Internet access from those without.

The American states vary dramatically in the competitiveness of presidential elections. Most U.S. House seats are not electorally competitive. No other democracy uses an electoral college to mediate between a national vote for presidential candidates and the actual winner. A person becomes president when he or she receives 270 electoral votes. (all of the above )

individuals are exposed to political information that they did not explicitly seek out.

increase voter turnout among younger people.

17

male candidates are more likely to have the advantage of incumbency in office.