EXAM 3 REVIEW A&P 1

a. maintaining homeostasis b. receiving sensory input c. integrating information d. controlling muscles and glands e. all of the above are functions of the nervous system (e)

integration

afferent nervous system

collateral

hillock

multipolar

bipolar (LOOK AT OG QUIZLET)

astrocyte

oligodendrocyte

ependymal cell

-70 mV

voltage

K+

Na+

2 depolarization phase (check og quizlet)

3 repolarization phase

resting potential

oligosaccharides

a. IPSPs influence a pre-synaptic cell b. IPSPs allow cells to respond more easily to neural impulses c. the "I" in IPSPs stands for initiation d. none of the above are true (d)

cauda equina

31

pia mater

arachnoid mater

epidural space

denticulate

axons

a. ascending tracts b. descending tracts c. both a and b (c)

autonomic motor function

somatic motor function

stretch

interneuron

brachial

a. pons b. reticular formation c. medulla oblongata d. diencephalon e. midbrain (d)

midbrain

cerebellum

thalamus

a. taste b. vision c. olfaction d. hearing (c)

a. hypothalamus b. suprathalamus c. subthalamus d. epithalamus e.thalamus (b)

visual reflexes

a. endocrine control of the pituitary gland b. regulation of body temperature c. thinking and planning d. initiation of thirst and hunger drives e. regulation of the sleep/wake cycle (c)

epithalamus

Slower than

Projection

interventricular foramen

the lateral ventricles

Subarachnoid granulations

CNS Processes form feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia mater. Regulate what substances reach the CNS from the blood (blood-brain barrier). Lots of microfilaments for support. Produce chemicals that promote tight junctions to form blood-brain barrier Blood-brain barrier: protects neurons from toxic substances, allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood, prevents fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain. Regulate extracellular brain fluid composition Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal. Specialized versions of ependymal form choroid plexuses. Choroid plexus within certain regions of ventricles. Secrete cerebrospinal fluid. Cilia help move fluid thru the cavities of the brain. Have long processes on basal surface that extend within the brain tissue, may have astrocyte-like functions. PNS Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes: wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath. Wrap around many times. During development, as cells grow around axon, cytoplasm is squeezed out and multiple layers of cell membrane wrap the axon. Cell membrane primarily phospholipid. Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia, provide support and nutrients

dermatome

afferent

sympathetic

parasympathetic

bipolar

astrocyte

oligodendrocyte

ependymal cell

continuous

saltatory

electrical synapse

lower the resting potential value (more negative)

the Na+/K+ pump

pia mater

dura mater

denticulate

epidural

shock absorption

left shoulder

posterior grey horn

lateral grey horn

interneuron

sensory neuron

effector organ

True

31

Axons

a. regulation of sleep- wake cycle b. thirst, hunger, and sex drives c. regulation of body temperature d. some endocrine activity e. all of the above are functions of the hypothalamus (e)

Brainstem

a. vomiting b. respiration c. coughing d. digestion e. sneezing (d)

visual

epithalamus

association fibers

projection fibers

interventricular

cerebral aqueduct

lateral ventricle

parietal

Extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra Segmented Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves Not uniform in diameter throughout length Cervical enlargement: supplies upper limbs Lumbar enlargement: supplies lower limbs Conus medullaris: tapered inferior end. Cauda equina: origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris. Connective tissue membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain Dura mater: continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves Arachnoid mater: thin and wispy Pia mater: bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord. Forms the filum terminale, which anchors spinal cord to coccyx and the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura mater Spaces Epidural: anesthesia injected. Contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat. Subdural: serous fluid Subarachnoid: CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus: deep clefts partially separating left and right halves White matter: myelinated axons forming tracts Three columns (funiculi): ventral, dorsal, lateral Each of these divided into tracts (fasciculi; pathways) Gray matter: neuron, cell, cell bodies, dendrites, axons Horns Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral) Lateral (associated with ANS)

Located between brainstem and cerebrum Components: thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus THALAMUS Two lateral portions connected by the intermediate mass Surrounded by third ventricle Sensory information from spinal cord synapses here before projecting to cerebrum Medial geniculate nucleus: auditory information Lateral geniculate nucleus: visual information Ventral posterior nucleus: most other types sensory information Motor function: ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei Mood modification: anterior and medial nuclei connected to limbic system Emotion regulation: lateral dorsal nucleus Sensory integration: lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei SUBTHALAMAS Contains nerve tracts and nuclei EPITHALAMAS Contains nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation and contains pineal gland Habenula: emotional and visceral responses to odors Pineal gland: may influence sleepiness, helps regulate biological clock, may play a role in onset of puberty HYPOTHALAMAS Major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function Most inferior portion of diencephalon Mammillary bodies: bulges on ventral surface; olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors Infundibulum: stalk extending from floor; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland. Controls endocrine system. Receives input from viscera, taste receptors, limbic system, nipples, external genitalia, prefrontal cortex Efferent fibers to brainstem, spinal cord (autonomic system), through infundibulum to posterior pituitary, and to cranial nerves controlling swallowing and shivering Important in regulation of mood, emotion, sexual pleasure, satiation, rage, and fear