175. Manufacturing employment in the United States peaked
a) during World War II.
b) in 1959.
c) in 1979.
d) in 1999.
e) None of the above is true. Manufacturing employment in the United States continues to
increase.
answer
c) in 1979.
question
176. One way automation can lead to the creation of new jobs is by
a) producing products quicker, thus shortening the work week.
b) reducing the price of a product, thus increasing people's real income.
c) consuming fewer resources, thus improving the environment.
d) All of the above
e) None of the above is true. Automation always causes a net loss of jobs
answer
b) reducing the price of a product, thus increasing people's real income.
question
177. Productivity in the United States doubled between 1945 and 1990. However, the work week didn't get shorter because
a) income taxes were raised.
b) the standard of living increased.
c) corporate downsizing reduced the number of people in the workforce.
d) the pay of CEOs skyrocketed.
e) taxes doubled between 1945 and 1990.
answer
b) the standard of living increased.
question
178. In medieval England, when wages went up,
a) more children joined the labor force.
b) more women joined the labor force.
c) students dropped out of school to take up jobs.
d) workers put in fewer hours.
e) A, B, and C.
answer
d) workers put in fewer hours.
question
179. According to Max Weber, the growth of capitalism was stimulated by a new attitude toward work brought about by
a) the Industrial Revolution.
b) the Protestant Reformation.
c) the English Civil War.
d) the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
e) the American Revolution.
answer
b) the Protestant Reformation.
question
180. Artificial intelligence is the field of computer science and engineering that focuses on ways to get
machines to exhibit
a) consciousness.
b) ethical behavior.
c) intelligent behavior.
d) philosophical insights.
e) scientific breakthroughs
answer
c) intelligent behavior.
question
181. According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, a "programmable machine that either in
performance or appearance imitates human activities" is called a
a) computer.
b) deltoid.
c) mechano.
d) robot.
e) transformer.
answer
d) robot.
question
182. In 1997 IBM supercomputer Deep Blue
a) defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match.
b) proved the existence of God.
c) drove a minivan across the United States.
d) designed the Pentium chip.
e) replaced John O'Leary as Chief Financial Officer of IBM
answer
a) defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game match.
question
183. In 2011 a program named Watson running on an IBM supercomputer
a) decoded the human genome for the first time.
b) became the first computer program to take the job of a software engineer.
c) won the World Crossword Puzzle Championship sponsored by The New York Times.
d) defeated the two most successful human Jeopardy! champions in a three-game match.
e) passed the Turing Test in a competition sponsored by the Association for Computing
Machinery
answer
d) defeated the two most successful human Jeopardy! champions in a three-game match.
question
184. A personal AI is
a) an intelligent machine inexpensive enough for an individual to purchase it.
b) an intelligent machine devoted to serving an individual human being.
c) a computer capable of beating human beings at games such as chess.
d) a software program, not an actual physical object.
e) a machine conscious of its own existence.
answer
e) a machine conscious of its own existence.
question
185. Supply-chain automation
a) streamlines organizations by eliminating transactional middlemen.
b) is one way Dell Computer keeps its costs low.
c) links computers at different companies.
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
answer
d) All of the above
question
186. Globalization is
a) the creation of international computer networks.
b) the process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets.
c) the adoption of global Internet standards.
d) the adoption of English as the language of business.
e) the way that stock exchanges stay open 24 hours a day
answer
b) the process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets.
question
187. The phrase "digital divide" refers to the situation where
a) some people have access to information technology and others do not.
b) users of Macintosh computers are at a disadvantage compared to users of Windows computers.
c) only stockholders in high-tech companies can get rich in the new economy.
d) the U.S. government prevents information technology from being exported to "unfriendly" countries.
e) the prices of computers are kept artificially high in order to keep them out of the hands of people in Third World countries.
answer
a) some people have access to information technology and others do not.
question
188. The process by which a new technology is assimilated into a society is called
a) cultural relativism.
b) globalization.
c) IT leverage.
d) social receptivity index.
e) technological diffusion
answer
e) technological diffusion
question
189. In some markets a few top performers receive a disproportionate share of the rewards. Frank and
Cook call this phenomenon
a) capitalism.
b) inevitable.
c) liberalism.
d) socialism.
e) the winner-take-all effect.
answer
e) the winner-take-all effect.
question
190. When one store stays open late to gain an advantage, its competitors begin to stay open late, too.
At this point the first store is no better off than it was before, but now every store has additional expenses. This illustration is an example of what Frank and Cook call a
a) capitalistic marathon.
b) market economy.
c) positional arms race.
d) struggle for parity.
e) virtual conflict.
answer
c) positional arms race.
question
141. The percentage of American workers involved in the _____________ industry has dropped
from 35 percent in 1947 to 10 percent in 2009.
answer
manufacturing
question
142. Productivity in the United States doubled between 1948 and 1990. This productivity increase
translated into a higher ______________ for the average American.
answer
standard of living
question
143. In 1997 IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated world champion Gary Kasparov playing the
game of ____________.
answer
chess
question
144. In 2001 Swedish appliance maker Electrolux introduced a domestic robotic ________________.
answer
vacuum cleaner
question
145. An arrangement where employees spend a significant portion of their work day at a distance
from the employer or traditional place of work is called ________________.
answer
telework
question
146. Many software jobs are moving from the United States to India because India has many
qualified computer programmers and ______________.
answer
salaries are lower
question
147. The process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets is called ______________.
answer
globalization
question
148. The situation where some people have access to modern information technology and others do
not has been given the label________________.
answer
"the digital divide."
question
149. The first people to adopt a new technology are those who have more money. As the technology
matures, its price drops dramatically, enabling more people to acquire it. This process is called
__________________
answer
technological diffusion.
question
150. Robert Frank and Philip Cook have explored markets where a few top performers receive a
disproportionate share of the rewards. They call them ______________ markets.
answer
winner-take-all
question
83. Is automation↓replacing human workers with machines↓morally wrong? Justify your answer.
answer
Bs
question
84. Is it morally wrong to try to construct a computer conscious of its own existence? Justify your
answer.
answer
Bs
question
85. Give examples of how information technology has influenced the way manufacturing and service
companies organize themselves, create products, and interact with other companies.
86. Define the term "globalization" and explain how advances in information technology have
stimulated globalization.
answer
Globalization refers to the process of creating worldwide network or businesses and markets. Globalization results in a greater mobility of goods services and capital around the world.
The rapidly decreasing cost of information technology has made globalization possible.
question
87. Describe recent events that provide evidence of globalization.
answer
Foreign workers in the American IT industry.
Foreign competition for manufacturing jobs.
question
88. What is "the digital divide?" Describe the two fundamentally different dimensions of the digital
divide
answer
The digital divide refers to the situation in which some people have access to modern information technology and others do not.
The global divide refers to the disparity in Internet access between more industrialized and less industrialized nations.
The social divide refers to the difference in access between the rich and poor within a particular country.
question
89. Describe the two models of technological diffusion and explain how they are used by technological optimists (and technological pessimists) to predict the future of "the digital divide."
answer
Normalization model: group A begins to adopt tech, followed by B, then C. Eventually nearly everyone in all three groups is using the new technology.
Stratification model: the order of adoptions the some. However in this model the eventual number of people in a group who adopt the technology is lower the the previous group.
Tech optimists believe the global adoption of information technology will follow the normalization model. Information technology will make the world a better place by reducing poverty in developing countries, creating opportunities elsewhere than first world countries.
Tech pessimists belief info. tech. will follow the stratification model and lead to a permanent condition of the haves and the have nots.
question
90. Do you agree with Robert Frank and Philip Cook that winner-take-all markets are bad for the economy? Explain.
answer
Bs
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