Epidemiology Exam 1

Epidemiological methods can be applied to which of the following public health-related fields...

Which of the following is not considered a use of epidemiology?

Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of:

Which of the following is considered a key characteristic of epidemiology?

Variation in the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes in populations relates most closely to:

True or False Epidemiology is an observational science that capitalizes on naturally occurring situations.

True or False The history of epidemiology originated in the 20th century

John Graunt is said to be the first to employ quantitative methods to describe population vital statistics.

A method for providing quantitative measurements of risks to health is known as:

A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by:

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is known as:

Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and:

Operations research illustrates which of the following uses of epidemiology:

Specializations that contribute to epidemiology include:

The English anesthesiologist who linked cholera outbreaks to contaminated water and innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today was:

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy is known as a(n):

True or False? A pandemic is an epidemic occurring worldwide or crossing international boundaries.

True or False? Descriptive epidemiology refers to studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.

True or False? Epidemiology can help solve a variety of today's health-related problems, ranging from smoking to youth violence.

True or False? Epidemiology is concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability and mortality in populations.

True or False? It is possible for a single case of a disease to represent an epidemic.

True or False? The term epidemiologic transition describes a shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious diseases to causes associated with chronic diseases.

Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe:

What is one of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness?

According to the Generic Contingency table, the letter of the cell that shows that the exposure is absent and disease is absent is

An r of +1 is

If the mean and the median are identical, this means that:

In a dose-response curve, the ________ refers to the lowest dose at which a particular response occurs.

Multimodal distributions can reflect age-related

True or False: The closer the points lie on a scatter plot, with respect to the straight line of best fit through them, the stronger the association between the variables.

A value that describes a characteristic of a population is called a ____________?

A value that describes a characteristic of a sample is called a ___________

What is this type of graphical plotting called that shows the distribution of cases over time?

On what scale of measurement is age?

What are the main differences between simple random sampling and stratified sampling?

How many % of people in a sample lie within +/- 2 standard deviations from the mean?

What would happen to a 95% confidence interval range if you increased the sample size?

If the mean is higher than the mode, what type of distribution would you suspect that you have?

All of the following are considered ratios except

Epidemiologic measures provide the following type of information:

A new drug is developed that can cure ALS. What would happen to the incidence of ALS?

On June 30, 2017, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2017, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. Which of the following expressions represents the incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000)?

On June 30, 2017, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2017, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. Which of the following expressions represents the point prevalence of asthma?

This rate refers to the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among people who are afflicted with that disease.

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:

What would happen to the prevalence if the incidence goes up?

What is "infant mortality rate" and give one example of how this rate is varies in the U.S. population.

1. What is the general fertility rate and 2. what can it be used for?

If you want to compare the differences in disease or death rates between for example two states, why is it often better to use adjusted rates instead of crude rates?

A hospital can release medical records with personally identifying information (such as a patient's identity, diagnosis, treatment or source of payment) to a researcher without the person's consent

Reportable disease statistics is reliable in the US. Almost all cases of reportable and notifiable diseases are reported by health care workers to the authorities

Mortality and birth statistics from the vital registration system is reliable in the US. Almost all vital events are reported to the authorities.

A reportable disease with a high number of asymptomatic or subclinical illnesses is more likely to be underreported.

Together, the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) , cover 100% of the US population.

The National Vital Statistics System can be used to track C-section deliveries

The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warant further public health response is known as

Some examples of surveillance systems include those for:

Examples of information collected by fetal death certificates include

Since when has the US collected reports on infectious diseases such as cholera, smallpox, and plague?

Which population survey include a mobile examination center where physical examinations, laboratory tests and interviews are performed?

Vital events are collected by each state and sent to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the vital registration system in the US. What are vital events? Mark all that apply.

Examples of nationally reportable and notifiable diseases are

What are the three defining features of Big Data (three Vs)?

Which factors affect the quality of epidemiologic data?

Epidemiology

Epidemic

Pandemic

John Snow

Sir Pervical Pott

Epidemiological Transition

Demographic Transition

On what scale is occupation?

On what scale are height and weight?

On what scale is gender?

On what scale of measurement is pain

In what type of sampling does every person in a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate?

Stratified Sampling

What type of sampling is most like to produce bias?

What type of bias could occur if each individual in sample does not have equal chance of being selected?

If you have a continuous variable, what type of graph should you use?

Which measure of central tendency is most vulnerable to outliers?

What percent of data lie with in 1 standard deviation?

What percent of data lie with in 2 standard deviation?

What percent of data lie with in 3 standard deviation?

What happens to the confidence interval range if n increases or decrease?

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is known as ___________________.

The National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program are two examples of cancer registries covering the US. These registries are examples of _____________________.

The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as _____________________.

Examples of Notifiable Disease

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an example of __________________.

How accurate are they when it comes to # of deaths / # of births ?

What information is listed on death certificates?

What are some potential sources of error when it comes to "immediate cause of death" or "underlying cause of death" ?

What information is listed on birth and fetal death certificates?

What are some potential sources of error when it comes to "risk factors in pregnancy" and "congenital anomalies" ?

What other vital events are recorded besides birth statistics and mortality data?

Case Report

Case Series

Cross Sectional Study

Descriptive Epidemiology

Health Disparities

Secular Trends

Cyclic Trends

Point Epidemic

Clustering

Spatial Clustering

Temporal Clustering

SES

Exposure

Determinants

Distribution

Interdisciplinary Science

Observational Science

Analytical Epidemiology

Edward Jenner

Risk Assessment

Population

Sample

Convenience Sampling

Sample Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Representativness

Statistics

Estimation

Qualitative Data

Quantitative Data

Discrete Variable

Continuous Data

Nominal

Ordinal

Ratio

Bar Chart

Line Graph

Cluster Sampling

Mode

Median

Mean

Range

Variance

Standard Deviation

Epidemic Curve

Incubation Period

Correlation Coefficiant

Dose Response

Contingency Table

Proportion

Percentage

Rate

Incidence

Prevalence

Life Expectancy

Crude Death Rate

Case Fatality

Proportional Mortality Rate

Case Specific

Age Specific

Adjusted Rates

Maternal Mortality

Infant Mortality

Fetal Mortality

Crude Birth Rates

General Fertility Rate

Perinatal Mortality

Three features of Vital Stats

Quality

Quantity

HIPPA

US Census

Representativenss

Vital Events

Deaths

Birth Stats

Public Health Surveillance Program

Syndromic Surveillance

Reportable and Notifiable Disease Stats

Chronic Disease Survellance

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Case Registries

National Health Interview Survey

National Vital Statistic System

Age

Sex

Race

Navity

After Hurricane Katrina, there was an outbreak of Vibrio infections. The Vibrio bacteria was spread by the flood water and caused wound infections that killed five 5 people. This is an example of

By measuring income level, researchers can fully account for an individual's socioeconomic status

Define the term descriptive epidemiology

Describe the process of epidemiologic inference in the context of descriptive epidemiology.

Every winter in Canada, there is a large increase in coronary deaths among men 65 years and older. Researchers believe this is caused by the physical exertion from shuffling snow in combination with cold temperatures (temporarily increasing blood pressure). What is this an example of?

Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods are known as:

In epidemiology, place variables include:

Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as:

Malignant Mesothelomia is a rare, aggressive cancer in the lining of the lungs. Researchers in Italy found a higher proportion of this rare type of cancer among people who lived close to asbestos cement plants. This is an example of

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a health-related telephone survey that collect state data about U.S. residents regarding their health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services. What type of study is the BRFSS?

The cause of neuroblastic tumors in children and youth are largely unknown and researchers suspect that both genetic and environmental factors contribute. Researchers in England found evidence suggesting temporal clustering of neuroblastic tumors. What does this mean? (choose the answer that best describes what temporal clustering is)

Those who occupy the lowest socioeconomic positions have excesses of morbidity and mortality from several causes

Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those associated with:

Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to:

What is Health Disparities?

When conducting a descriptive epidemiologic study, it is important to know how the results should and should not be used because of the inherent limitations of the descriptive study design. Give two examples of how descriptive epidemiologic studies CAN be used.

Which person variable is the largest contributor to overall disease?

In what type of study can you estimate how many % in a population have been diagnosed cancer?

What kind of descriptive study design is called a "prevalence study"?