ENV EXAM 2

Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________.

The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.

Terracing, contour farming, intercropping, and crop rotation all ________.

Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide.

Why do soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM crop market?

If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them?

Monoculture, the practice of planting large areas with a single crop ________.

The human population is approximately ________.

Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present?

If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%.

The world population growth rate is currently close to ________%.

The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________.

Malthus was responsible for ________.

Which of the following statements about growth rate and population size is true?

When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population?

Which of the following are the three principal effects of a human population that determine its impact on the environment (the IPAT model)?

Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact?

Which large country is currently experiencing zero or even negative population growth?

In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________.

According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.

The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________.

Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________.

Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true?

If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how long will it take to double its population?

Why do we study demography?

What is the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain?

Of the following, which provide the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable?

What occurs during the final stage, the post-industrial stage, of the demographic transition model?

When an agrarian economy transitions to an industrial economy, what effect does it have on the population?

How do women cause a reduction in the TFR?

Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true?

Which of the following was a factor in helping to reduce total fertility rate of developed countries in the recent past?

Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations?

Replacement fertility ________.

Increasing levels of literacy among women is shown to ________.

Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage.

Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate?

The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources.

In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________.

A population which is not growing will have a TFR of ________.

Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.

What causes a decline in fertility rates?

Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced?

Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies?

What are ecosystem services?

How do economists assess (calculate) the economic health of a nation?

What is the term that refers to the substances and forces that sustain our society and everyday lives?

What is meant by "market failure"?

What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?

Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur?

Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists.

The economic principles in play with the fate of U.S. wetlands have been governed by ________.

Which of the following is NOT an external cost that affects people who are not involved in some environmentally damaging transaction?

A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________.

Rising per capita consumption of goods and rising population growth lead to ________.

In the United States, wetlands are primarily considered to be ________.

There has been legislation designed to encourage protection of wetlands, but funding has been greatly reduced, because ________.

What event is credited with leading to the passage of the Clean Water Act?

An environmental impact statement is required ________.

The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________.

Wetlands in the United States ________.

Part of the reason for the lack of good flood control in the United States is that ________.

What is sustainable development?

Lobbying, legal action, and campaign funding are all means used by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies.

Most of the environmental progress made over the past few decades has come about through __________ methods.

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________.

Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity?

Which term is used to describe the conversion of natural resources into goods and services in addition to the ongoing trade of such goods and services?

Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable?

In which of the following ways did neoclassical economics contribute to environmental problems?

What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations?

Which of the following best explain the "free rider" predicament?

Which of the following is the main concern of neoclassical economics?

How does the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) differ from the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)?

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree?

Which of the following biomes has the most annual rainfall?

This biome often features wildfires due to extensive dry seasons.

How does predation differ from parasitism?

tundra

savanna

temperate grassland

tropical rainforest

temperate deciduous forest

How much energy is available to the third trophic level, a secondary consumer, if its prey in the second trophic level, a primary consumer, is only able to obtain 10% of the available energy of the first trophic level?

Carnivores

5-10

________ terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity.

In general, when one views a food chain, they can expect the biomass of herbivores (organisms that eat plants) in an ecosystem to be about _____ of the biomass of the plants and other photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem.

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association.

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.

The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web.

If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may next lead to ________ in the community.

What kind of relationship exists between multiple organisms who seek the same limited resource?

Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and dryer. This would result in ________.

Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________.

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

Secondary succession ________.

Tropical dry forest

Chaparral

Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.