Ecology Final

Orchids require tree limbs for support but do not harm the trees. This demonstrates ? a. facilitation b. commensalism c. amensalism d. mutualism e. allelopathy

Which of the following is true about top predators? a. they are likely to be keystone species b. they are likely to be herbivores c. they are likely to be producers d. they include bacteria and fungi e. their removal increases biodiversity

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ? a. allelopathic b. homeopathic c. parasitic d. symbiotic e. benthic

Herbivory is a type of ? a. competition b. mutualism c. neutralism d. ecological restoration e. predation

A population is a (the) ? a. group of individuals of several interacting species that live in one area b. group of individuals of a several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems c. group of individuals of a single interacting species that live and interact in one area d. sum of all individuals of a species in all locations e. group of cells that have similar function

Age pyramids, used to show the age structure of a population, generally ? a. have no inherent value for predicting growth b. cannot predict possible species declines in numbers c. have bars that represent sizes of individual organisms d. indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class

Unregulated populations tend to increase by ? a. linear growth b. exponential growth c. pyramidal growth d. emigration e. immigration

The carrying capacity is the ? a. maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support b. greatest number of different niches possible in a given area c. potential growth in the number of species in a given area d. limitation on numbers of species in a community e. average number of offspring carried to terms by a species

Density-dependent factors ? a. include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community b. include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community c. cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem d. include the effects of rainfall on an entire community e. include the effects of disease, predators and food on a single species within a community

Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. Over a long period of time, ? a. one group will become an endemic species b. both groups will become native species c. the groups will diverge genetically and speciation may occur d. one or both groups will emigrate e. one or both groups will become invasive species

A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection? a. there will bemore deaths from natural selection because there is no mutation b. there will beless genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change c. the species will increase in numbers because genetic variation is increased d. the species will compensate for loss of genetic variation by hybridizing with other species e. there will be fewer deaths from natural selection because asexual recombination always leads to extinction

A population of birds is found on a remote island. Which of the following information is most important in deciding if the birds all belong to a single species? a. that they share many physical characteristics b. whether they can breed with one another c. that the males all sing very similar songs d. whether the matings produce viable, non sterile eggs or offspring e. that all the birds appear to eat the same range of food

Removal of which of the following species will always result in the greatest changes in an ecological system? a. competitive species b. carnivore species c. keystone species d. producer species e. decomposer species

Seperated subpopulations interconnected by the movement of individuals are called a. genets b. ramets c. metapopulations d. eco groups

For mobile populations some ecologists use the capture-recapture sampling technique to measure density true or false

A group of individuals born in the same period of time is called an ? a. cam b. cohort c. peterson index d. demographic stochasticity

An estimate of the average number of females born to a single female over her lifetime a. crude birthrate b. gross reproductive rate c. fecundity table d. kaylee projection

? competition results when resources are limited and no individual receives enough of the resource for growth and reproduction a. scramble b. interspecific c. polyandry d. exploitation

? competition occurs when resources are limited and some individuals claim adequate resources while denying others and adequate share a. contest b. scramble c. hermaphroditic d. lotka-volterra

Viruses are considered microparasites true or false

A mode of reproduction when an organism sacrifices future prospects by expending all its energy in one suicidal act a. fecundity b. functional response c. iteroparity d. semelparity

The Iberian Lynx can avoid extinction, like its European cousins by ? a. vaccinations to build tolerance to snake venom b. creating corridors conencting suitable patches c. placing all remaining lynxes in zoos d. establishing wild feeding sites, using road kill

When plants have male and female parts on the same flowers on the same plant is termed ? a. imperfect b. perfect c. incomplete d. functional

The ramets may remain physically linked to the parent genet or they may seperate and function independently true or false

The distribution of alpine species of chipmunks is determined by temperature and interspecific competition true or false

The weed that "ate the south" a. plantain b. kudzu c. jaba the hutt d. lamprey

Type of competition that occurs when scavengers fight over a carcass ? a. preemptive b. contest c. encounter d. territorial

The period between prey population growth rates and predator growth rates is a a. shift lag b. time lag c. population interference d. shift reproduction

The breakup of a continuous habitat ? a. fragmentation b. corridor c. geterogeneity d. k-strategists

The presence of individuals of a particular species can be determined by counts of vocalizations, scat, tracks, or some other sign of presence, these counts are called: a. indices of abundance b. metapopulation studies c. scatology d. lotka-volterra

Clownfish and anemones form this type of relationship ? a. mutualistic b. predator-prey c. interspecific competition d. amensalism

Phermones can inhibit or promote reproduction in some species true or false

Metapopulations need to be asynchronus in order to prevent extinction true or false

Myxomatosis was a disease introduced to control populations of this species a. squirrels b. rabbits c. wolves d. hyennas

Involves a shift in feeding niche that subsequently affects a species morpholohy, behaviors, or physiology a. ramets b. character displacement c. indices of abundance d. parasitoid

The establishment of habitat ? is considered one of the best ways to increase connectivity and ensure dispersal and gene flow among the local populations a. hetergeneity b. OFT c. overlapping niche d. corridors

Individuals in a population are generally not affected by the density of the population true or false

The results of this type of mating has the potential to produce twice as many offspring as a population of unisexual individual does a. simultaneous hermaphrodites b. sequential hermaphrodites c. dioecious d. reproductive method

Species with life history traits that include being short lived, rapid development, large number of young, providing little to no parental care is termed ? a. r-strategists b. k-strategists c. cohorts d. genets

To determine the age of wild turkeys, researchers need to look at ? a. beak to eye ratio b. beak to median toe ratio c. tips of the feathers d. colortaion of the cere

The recent outbreak of West Nile Virus in Texas was primarily linked to a density-dependent factor true or false

Form of asexual reproduction in which the ovum develops without reproduction by a male a. budding b. ramets c. parthenogenesis d. monoecious

Home range size is typically larger for carnivorous species than for herbivorous species of the same body size true or false

Plants cannot capture and defend space true or false

Animal example of Allee effect a. great auk b. brown snake c. whooping crane d. passenger pigeon

Plant that practices allelopathy a. sugar maple b. japanese barberry c. dandelion d. sassafras

Filter feeders are typically this type of functional response a. type i b. type ii c. type iii d. type iv

In wolf packs, only omegas can breed true or false

Local found plants that the white-tailed deer avoid a. arborvitaes b. maples c. mints d. petunnias

Term used for an organism that lays its eggs into a host, upon hatching the eggs eat the host from the inside out a. parasite b. parasitoid c. browser d. grazer

An example of a bird with precocial offspring a. robin b. turkey c. bald eagle d. crow

There is not a strong link between female body size and the amount of offspring she produces true or false

An example of intersexual selection a. peacock b. snakehead c. elephant d. garter snake

Not every generation of this organism migrates to Mexico a. skipper butterfly b. gray whale c. katydid d. monarch butterfly

Type of survivorshi curve relating to humans a. i b. ii c. iii d. iv

This animal practices parthenogenesis a. ant b. aphid c. monarch catepillar d. hyena

Stress can trigger hormone changes true or false

Type of competition found typically among plants, when one plants grows quickly and therefore shades out another a. territorial b. preemptive c. encounter d. overgrowth

Pair referred to as examples of encounter competitors

Crypsis camouflauged organism

Ways reintroduction of wolves changed Yellowstone

Parasitic plant

Alternative forms of genes are called ? a. chromosomes b. loci c. alleles d. genomes

The term "ecology" is defined as the study of the ? a. environment b. relationships between organisms c. relationships between organisms and their environments d. impact of humans on the environment

Phenomenon that occurs every 3-7 years that prevents upwelling off the coast of Ecuador/Peru from occurring a. La nina b. el nino c. orographic precipitation d. thermohaline

The external, observable expression of the genotype is called the ? a. phenotype b. genetic drift c. crypsis d. lai

Urban areas are generally warmer than the surrounding countryside because ? a. there is less vegetation b. there are more buildings, streets, and sidewalks, that absorb solar radiation and reradiate this energy c. the urban landscape is nonporous and most rainfall is lost as runoff beore evaporation can cool the air d. construction materials are great conductors of heat e. all of the above

The characteristics that give an organism an advantage in a given environment are called a. mutations b. genes c. adaptations d. phenotypes

Which of the following can result in a bimodal distribution of a trait in a population? a. stabalizing selection b. random mating c. directional selection d. disruptive selection

An example of an environmental abiotic factor a. fallen tree b. babbling brook c. red fox eating berries d. roots of legumes

Often, characteristics that give an individual an advantage in one environment will be a disadvantage in other environments true or false

The average pattern of local, regional, or global weather conditions over a long time period of time is a ? a. landscape b. climate c. polyandry d. conduction

The phenomenon in which rain falls mostly on the windward side of mountains and little falls on the leeward side is referred to as an ? a. orographic precipitation b. thermohaline circulation c. coriolis d. tradewinds

In the vicinity of the equator, air typically ? a. rises, cools, and precipitates b. descends, warms and precipitates c. rises, cools, and is dry d. descends, warms, and is dry

Cooler air is denser than warmer air true or false

? is the loss of water through the leaves of plants a. stomata b. exhalation c. transpiration d. osmotic pressure

? allows small animals to run across the surface of water a. turgor b. coefficient of heat c. midichlorion factor d. cohesion and tension

Water molecules are linked to eachother by a. covalent bonds b. ionic bonds c. tetrahedral bonds d. hydrogen bonds

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area is referred to as an ? a. community b. biome c. population d. ecosystem

In lakes and ponds of temperate latitudes, the upper and bottom layers of water usually turn over during fall true or false

More oxygen can be contained in cold water than in warm water true of false

A high pH number indicates a very acidic solution true or false

For a given parcel of air, the temperature at which saturation vapor pressure is achieved a. dew point temp b. relative humidity c. saturation vapor pressure d. absolute humidity

The physical or chemical breakdown of rock into smaller particles is called a. leaching b. mineralization c. percolation d. weathering

The process by which energy from the sun is used to drive the fixation of CO2 into carbs and the realease of O2 as a by-product is called ? a. maintenance respiration b. photsynthesis c. krebs cycle d. maturation

The pigment that absorbs energy from light in photosynthesis is a. rubisco b. chlorophyll c. PEP d. CAM

The value of PAr above which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs, is referred to as the ? point a. photoinhibition b. chlorophyll compensation c. light compensatio point d. light saturation point

While irrigation might be necessary for raising crops, over time this builds up in the soil inhibiting growth a. nitrogen b. salt c. aluminum d. iron iii nitrate

Compared to plants growing in high light, plants growing in shaded environments tend to have ? leaves a. broader (in surface area) b. narrower (in surface area) c. more lobed d. there is no difference

Some desert plants take up CO2 at night through a phosynthetic pathway called a. C3 b. C4 c. PEP d. CAM

All life on earth is carbon based true or false

Plants can lose heat to the environment through transpiration true or false

Animals that rely on plant tissue as food are called ? a. herbivores b. carnivores c. autotrophs d. tertiary consumers

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an animal is called ? a. heterotherms b. homeotherms c. heterotrophs d. ectotherms

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation for obtaining oxygen? a. lungs b. a rumen c. gills d. tracheal tubes

The regulation of body temperature in an animal by the external environment is called ? a. heterothermy b. ectothermy c. endothermy d. homeostasis

The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called ? a. hibernation b. torpor c. heterothermy d. diapause

Which of the following is a major problem for animals living in salty environments? a. preventing heat loss b. access to mineral nutrients c. preventing water loss d. obtaining enough oxygen

Carnivores usually have shorter intestines and simpler stomachs than herbivores true or false

Homeotherms can sustain a higher level of physical activity for longer periods of time than poikilotherms true or false

Some scientists believe that the biosphere is one massive organism named ? a. Gaia b. Earthasis c. Terrestra d. Kaylee-posie

Water is most dense at a. 10 C b. 4 C c. 2 C d. 0 C

If a body is submerged in water weighs less than the water it displaces, it is subjected to an upward force called ? a. buoyancy b. displacement c. lattice matrixing d. friction

Most major deserts occur at this latitude north and south a. 20 b. 30 c. 40 d. 50

These plant types create protective compounds to deal with the below freezing winter temperatures a. deciduous oak trees b. deciduous maple trees c. white pines d. sumacs

The color that can travel the deepest in aquatic environments a. red b. orange c. green d. blue

The amount of force the air's weight exerts over a given surface a. atmospheric pressure b. adiabatic lapse rate c. intertropical convergence zone d. gyres

Water frictional resistance is 100x greater than air true or false

Water does not have a considerable capacity to absorb carbon dioxide true or false

This is the loss of water in organisms, is probably the greatest constraint imposed by terrestrial environments a. turgor pressure b. hydrologic potential c. orographic d. dessication

The pigment that allows a plant to perceive shading by other plants. It influences growth patters a. phytochrome b. regolith c. rubisco d. cellulose

Soil formation process that is found in the tropics, includes heavy leaching and quick uptake of materials by roots systems. Soil has large amounts of Fe and Al a. laterization b. salinization c. calcification d. podozolization

The name for the hardened surface soil after it has been exposed to the intense solar radiation due to the expansion of agriculture into the tropical regions a. hardpan b. caliche c. gleization d. cation exchange capacity

Type of insect legs that are adapted for jumping a. cursorial b. saltatorial c. fossorial d. natatorial

An example of allopatric speciation a. flickers b. african cichlids c. vernal pool frogs d. snapping shrimp

Artificial selection created this dog breed that will not survive without human intervention a. english settler b. bernese mountain dog c. english bulldog d. german shorthair pointer

Antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution and an accelerated process of natural selection hurried by the widespread use of antibiotics by humans true or false

Type of tree that ha pneumatophores and are important in maintaining the integrity of mainly subtropical and tropical coastlines a. quaking aspen b. shagbark hickory c. mangrove d. wooly adelgid

The act of eating feces to access more food energy or nutrients is called ? a. lagomorphy b. coprophagy c. caecum d. piloerection

Ruminant animals tend to have this many toes a. one b. two c. none d. three

The flattened plates on gill filaments a. lamellae b. barnacles c. prehensile d. conicals

Due to its high metabolic rate, this animal must enter torpor for the overnight period a. bats b. black bear c. hummingbird d. yellow-bellied sapsucker

This animal is not a true hibernator a. little brown bat b. groundhog c. chipmunk d. black bear

Organ transplant technology might be revolutionized by studying this organism a. wood frog b. black bear c. tuna d. tenebrionid beetle

Air masses get deflected due to Coriolis Effect true or false

? radiation is the process in which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of an environment (food, habitat) a. fitness b. adaptive c. genetic drift d. niche

Term used for when two different species vie for resources a. competition b. predation c. symbiosis d. mutualism

M2 leaf area divided by m2 ground area is an equation to determine the leaf area index true or false

Aquatic plant that lacks structural support and therefore would collapse if put on land a. cord grass b. kelp c. mangrove d. cactus

Insect that natural selection favored darker coloration meant survival during the Industrial Revolution. Then the air quality became better due to legislation, natural selection favored light/white coloration. a. gypsy moth b. daddy long legs c. monarch butterfly d. peppered moth

7 parts of the hierarchy of ecology

Plant that eats insects to obtain necessary nutrients for survival

The tilt of the earth

Regurgitated plant matter by ruminants is called

Why is groundhogs day and valentines day in february?