Which of the following describes the type of deformation experienced by rocks before an earthquake?
answer
slow deformation
question
How are elastic rebound and elastic deformation different?
answer
Elastic deformation causes objects to bend, whereas rebound causes objects to return to their original shape.
question
Elastic deformation before an earthquake is like _______, whereas rupture is like__________.
answer
stretching a rubber band; breaking a rubber band
question
What will happen to a straight fence that undergoes elastic strain during an earthquake?
answer
The fence will bend in the direction of stress.
question
What is a seismograph?
answer
an instrument used to record earthquake waves
question
What is the underlying principle of seismograph construction?
answer
A heavy weight suspended within a moving box needs to overcome inertia, resulting in a slight delay in the motion of the weight after the box moves
question
When will the first earthquake waves arrive at a seismograph station?
answer
a short time after the earthquake occurs
question
How long does it typically take for the first earthquake waves to arrive at a seismograph that is some distance away from the epicenter after the earthquake occurs
answer
several minutes
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of an S wave?
answer
"shaking" particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel
question
What best describes the movement of P waves?
answer
compression and expansion
question
Amongst all seismic waves, surface waves __________.
answer
have the slowest velocity
question
The names primary and secondary refer to ___________.
answer
wave speed
question
Which of the following correctly compares the seismograph readings from Station 1 to Station 2, as shown in the video?
answer
Surface waves show smaller amplitude at Station 2.
question
According to the animation, what are the four primary zones in Earth's interior?
answer
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
question
What data provided information about the existence of different zones within Earth?
answer
P-wave and S-wave arrival times
question
Which of the following statements about seismic wave ray paths is most accurate?
answer
Seismic waves move along curved ray paths because the properties of materials in the Earth change.
question
Why do we believe Earth's outer core is a liquid?
CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.
answer
P waves slow down and refract at the boundary between the mantle and the outer core.
S waves do not travel through the outer core.
question
Why do geologists believe the inner core is solid?
answer
P waves refract at the boundary between the outer core and inner core.
question
How could you test whether the core of another planet were completely solid?
answer
Set off a bomb to create seismic waves. If S waves arrive on the opposite side of the planet, then the core is solid.
question
Which of the following responses best describes the epicenter of an earthquake?
answer
The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
question
In calculating the location of the epicenter of an earthquake, which of the following factors is most useful?
answer
the difference in arrival time of P and S waves
question
In addition to a travel-time graph, at least how many seismograph stations are needed to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake?
answer
three
question
As the distance between the epicenter of an earthquake and a seismograph station increases, so does the difference in the arrival times of the P and S waves. What causes this?
answer
P waves are faster than S waves
question
Which statement provides the best explanation of why most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries?
answer
Plate boundaries are locations on Earth where portions of the lithosphere interact as they move past each other.
question
Define earthquake intensity.
answer
A qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location.
question
A smaller earthquake in Virginia was felt over a larger distance, as compared to a larger earthquake in California. What is a reason this occurred?
answer
colder crust
question
Richter magnitude (ML) is derived from measuring __________ and __________, and then plotting them on a Richter diagram.
answer
S minus P wave time; maximum S wave height
question
Why is moment magnitude (MW) preferred over Richter magnitude (ML)?
answer
Moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes.
question
Which of the following best describes liquefaction?
answer
the transformation of stable soil into loose, liquefied material that is able to rise toward Earth's surface
question
Describe how sand volcanoes form.
answer
An earthquake causes loose, saturated sandy material to liquefy, shoot upward through fractures of a confining unit, and eventually erupt at the surface.
question
__________ in the sandy layer causes the ground to subside after sand volcanoes form.
answer
Tighter packing
question
Structures built on __________ will become unstable during an earthquake.
answer
loose, saturated sediments
question
A tsunami is caused by __________.
answer
anything that displaces water
question
A __________ is located at a plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic crust and an overlying plate
answer
megathrust fault
question
What happens to tsunami waves as they move closer to shore?
answer
Velocity decreases and height increases.
question
Which of the following locations on the Circum-Pacific Belt are likely to generate a tsunami?
answer
west coast of South America
question
__________ is a seismic zone that has not produced a large earthquake for a considerable length of time.megathrust fault
answer
A seismic gap
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